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• W277166098 abstract "ABSTRACT The position of the African continent regarding terrorism has received increased attention since the Lockerbie air disaster and attacks on foreign tourists in Algeria and Egypt, and even more so since the bombing of US embassies in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi, and the events of 11 September 2001. Since September 11 the world has been at war with terrorism in what has become known as a global war on terror, where the main initiatives were taken by the United States in collaboration with its closest European allies. This war on terror has had a dramatic impact on human and state security with numerous measures taken at different levels, from the municipal, state, and interstate levels to the regional and global levels, to counter the threat posed by terrorism. This article explores the impact of a war on terror on African security with reference to the contextualisation of terrorism and a war on terror; the identification of the objects and subjects of a war on terror as seen from an African perspective; and the impact this war on terror has had and is likely to have on state and human security in Africa. 1. INTRODUCTION Acts of political terror have dogged mankind for centuries. Examples include acts of religious terrorism such as the Crusades and revolutionary terror during the French Revolution when Robespierre used the Committee of Public Safety to terrify and intimidate the opposition by executing 17 000 people by guillotine. Terror tactics seem to be used mostly by those who cannot achieve their objectives by diplomacy and are too weak to use military force. (1) The objectives of terrorists mostly have to do with gaining political independence, changing economic or social structures, or generating publicity for a specific cause. (2) The literature on terrorism also seems to provide conclusive evidence those groups which seek an ideologically defined transformation of society are more likely to become violent than those that do not. (3) Governments, organisations and academia have provided countless definitions of terrorism as well as explanations of the difficulties of producing a normative-free conceptualisation of 'terrorism'. As Clapham indicates, (p)urposive action, and terrorism is nothing if not purposive, can nonetheless be explained only from the perspective of those who undertake it. (4) Rather than positing yet another definition of terrorism or rephrasing existing definitions, this article starts with a contextualisation of a war on terror by looking at the genesis of terrorism and the African political space. This contextualises the rest of the article that covers the objects and subjects of a war on terror as seen from an African perspective; the impact a war on terror has had and is likely to have on state security and human security in Africa; and the kind of security or insecurity Africans can expect from a war on terrorism. 2. CONTEXTUALISING TERRORISM AND A WAR ON TERROR In order to contextualise the impact of a war on terrorism on African security two issues are addressed, namely the genesis of terrorism in Africa, and the African political space and terrorism. 2.1 The genesis of terrorism in Africa Most post-colonial African states have the following unfortunate characteristics: intransigent political monopolies; exclusive oligarchies; the military coup as an institutional mechanism for political succession; the interaction of hegemony and legitimisation imperatives in post-colonial state construction; the ascendancy of the state over civil society; the single party incarnating the will of the entire nation; bureaucratic autocracies; the personalisation of rule; and the patrimonialisation of the stat. (5) In a nuanced manner, Herbst and Mills make the same point by stating that (a)ll of these forces--a large number of weak and failing states, porous borders, widespread poverty, political frustration and repression--combine to create the kind of environment where alienation and radicalism should thrive, (6) Pointing to the fact that war, hunger and disease have affected Africa much more seriously than terrorism, Sturman points out that international concern about Africa has more to do with her weak states providing safe havens for terrorists, from which to finance and launch terrorist attacks or hide from retribution. …" @default.
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• W277166098 date "2005-05-01" @default.
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• W277166098 title "The Impact of a War on Terror on African Security" @default.
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