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• W2772861791 abstract "Pala ¨ontologisches Institut und Museum, Universitat Zu¨rich,Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zu¨rich, SwitzerlandSummaryThe origin of the turtle shell has perplexed biologists formore than two centuries [1]. It was not until Odontochelyssemitestacea [2] was discovered, however, that the fossiland developmental data [3–8] could be synthesized into amodel [9] of shell assembly that makes predictions forthe as-yet unestablished history of the turtle stem group.We build on this model by integrating novel data forEunotosaurus africanus—a Late Guadalupian (w260 mya)[10] Permian reptile inferred to be an early stem turtle [11].Eunotosaurus expresses a number of relevant characters,including a reduced number of elongate trunk vertebrae(nine), nine pairs of T-shaped ribs, inferred loss of inter-costal muscles, reorganization of respiratory muscles tothe ventral side of the ribs, (sub)dermal outgrowth ofbone from the developing perichondral collar of the ribs,and paired gastralia that lack both lateral and medianelements. These features conform to the predictedsequence of character acquisition and provide further sup-port that E. africanus, O. semitestacea, and Proganochelysquenstedtirepresentsuccessivedivergencesfromtheturtlestem lineage. The initial transformations of the model thusoccurred by the Middle Permian, which is congruent withmolecular-based divergence estimates [12–15] for thelineage, and remain viable whether turtles originated insideor outside crown Diapsida.ResultsUnlike the bony covering of other ‘‘shelled’’ amniotes (e.g.,anguid lizards, ankylosaur dinosaurs, armadillos, and placo-donts), the carapace of turtles is not simply a composite ofdermal ossifications but rather integrates outgrowths of intra-membranous bone from the perichondrium of the developingribs and thoracolumbar vertebrae [3–8]. Whether the origin ofthe turtle shell also involved melding of overlying osteoderms(composite model) or not (de novo model) was vigorouslydebated throughout the 20" @default.
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• W2772861791 date "2013-01-01" @default.
• W2772861791 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2772861791 title "Report Evolutionary Origin of the Turtle Shell" @default.
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