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• W2773791443 abstract "The beginning of the Homo sapiens species has been long proposed to have originated in eastern Africa around 200 000 yr ago. However, excavations within the Moroccan town of Jebel Irhoud had turned a barite-mining site into an anthropological fascination following the discovery of bone fragments of the human species dating up to 100 000 yr earlier than previously hypothesized. Since the first discovery back in 1961, multiple specimens have been unearthed and evaluated. A recent excavation had uncovered a surprisingly intact cranium that has since challenged our conventional understanding of the neuroanthropologic evolution of the Homo sapiens species and our defining feature—cognition. The convention of human evolution was once thought to be linear and on a continuum of morphological changes over hundreds of thousands of years. In a recent discovery and report by Hublin et al,1 a series of Jebel Irhoud skeletal findings lead to a curious finding of a 300 000-yr-old skull with similar facial features to that of the modern-day human, but with a cranial vault that appeared to be more anatomically in line with early humans. Figure shows a summative reconstruction of Irhoud skulls and facial bones discovered at the Jebel Irhoud archaeological site. The Irhoud facial features were more tucked-in and gracile in profile compared to the more prominent, pronounced facial structure of Neanderthals. Also unlike Neanderthals, the mandibular shape appeared to be shortened in an anterior–posterior dimension. Based on the skeletal architecture of the facial bones, anthropologists suggest that the face of the Jebel Irhoud skeletal findings would be consistent with an “every day” face—a face indistinguishable to a random person walking down the street in today's society. In contrast to the facial similarities of the Jebel Irhoud skulls, the braincases appeared to be more consistent with Neanderthals. The Irhoud cranial vault took on an elongated shape in the anterior–posterior dimension as opposed to the more globular shape of modern Homo sapiens. Evaluation of endocasts of similarly shaped braincases demonstrates a less-prominent parietal lobe presence, which is more commonly seen in Neanderthals as opposed to Homo sapiens. Although the Irhoud skulls had facial structures more consistent with modern humans, their endocranial features were significantly different and likely to be more consistent with Neanderthal neuroanatomy.Figure.: Facial reconstruction of Irhoud 10. Frontal A and basal B views. This superimposition of Irhoud 10 (beige) and Irhoud 1 (light blue) represents one possible alignment of the facial bones of Irhoud 10. Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature,1 copyright 2017.Amongst other neuroanatomic differences, early braincases have demonstrated a reduced parietal lobe presence compared to modern day humans. This rapid evolution of the parietal lobe has now been determined to occur within the Homo sapiens lineage, and thus focus on the functional evolution of the neural networks within the parietal lobe could aid in our understanding of neuroanthropologic maturity. Being the center of visuospatial processing, perhaps the parietal lobe matured as a result of higher, more refined function of the Homo sapiens species. Also considering the fact that the parietal lobes receive projections from the prefrontal cortex, it could be that the parietal lobe rapidly developed to accommodate or stimulate advanced cognitive capabilities. Despite the mixture of similarities and differences, scientists had classified the Irhoud skeletal findings as being Homo sapiens. The findings in this discovery constitute a pivot in the anthropologic knowledge, now realizing that neurological evolution lagged behind craniofacial evolution in a package-pattern of mosaic adaptations—not as a fluid continuum of changes. With this in mind, this also likely shows that the modern brain evolved within the Homo sapiens lineage, not inherited from an earlier predecessor. This hybridization of features that share aspects of both modern faces and ancient braincases landmarks a critical data point in the chronograph of neural evolution. Like external characteristics of early humans, likely our cognitive abilities blossomed as a mosaic and not a continuum." @default.
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• W2773791443 date "2017-10-24" @default.
• W2773791443 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W2773791443 title "An Evolutionary Facelift: Varied Cranial Vaults of Early Homo sapiens" @default.
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• W2773791443 doi "https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyx459" @default.
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