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• W2773991330 abstract "A preliminary experiment was set up to determine whether tropical grainnlegumes would nodulate and grow satisfactorily in dilute nutrientnsolutions similar in composition to those reported to be suitable for anrange of other species. With adequate inorganic nitrogen supplied (500nmM) growth was generally satisfactory. However, several factorsnincluding high solution temperature (g33oC), manganese toxicity andnphosphorus toxicity appeared to limit growth of many of the legumes grownnwith low inorganic nitrogen supply. Consequently, a further preliminarynexperiment was conducted using flowing solution culture techniques whichnpermitted close control of temperature and the concentration of specificnions in solution. The concentration of manganese was reduced from 1.8 ton0.25 mM and that of phosphorus from 15 to 5 mM. Responses of 11 tropicalngrain legumes dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation were studied atnsolution calcium concentrations ranging from 1 to 3900 mM. At suboptimalnsolution calcium concentrations (generally l1000 mM), nodulationnwas inhibited, including delays in the appearance of first nodules,nreductions in the proportion of plants which formed nodules and decreasesnin nodule numbers and nodule dry weights. Symbiotic nitrogen fixationnhowever, was limited in several genotypes, particularly pigeonpea, andncowpea cv. Vita 4 by the accumulation of toxic concentrations (g0.6%nphosphorus) in plant tops, and phosphorus toxicity may have restrictednnodule formation in black gram. The occurrence of phosphorus toxicityncast doubts on the real effects of increasing solution calcium onnnodulation and growth in these species.A further flowing solution culture experiment was set up to determine thenexternal calcium requirements for growth and nodulation in tropical grainnlegumes supplied with adequate inorganic nitrogen (500 mM NO3).nConcentrations of calcium ranged from 2 to 3130 mM. All legumesnresponded strongly to solution calcium and no species achieved g 90% ofnmax, yield at l1215 mM. Indeed, 10 of the 15 genotypes reached maximumnyield at 3130 mM. Under the conditions of the exeperiment, 1 mMnphosphorus was inadequate for the growth of plants at l150 mM calcium.nIn part, increasing solution calcium concentration above 150 mM appearednto increase growth by stimulating the rate of phosphorus absorption.nHowever, with increasing solution calcium concentration there was anconcomitant decrease in iron concentration in tops.Consequently, two further experiments were set up to clarify the roles ofnphosphorus and iron in unusual growth responses to solution calcium. Innthe first of these, the response of peanut and two cowpea genotypes tonsolution calcium (20, 100 and 2500 mM) and phosphorus (1, 4 mM)nconcentrations was investigated. In the second experiment, the effectsnof 1.8 and 16 mM iron (as ferric citrate) on the growth of these samenlegumes was examined in flowing solutins containing 100 mM calcium and 1nmM phosphorus. At 1.8 mM iron, vigorous growth of peanut and cowpeas wasnobtained. At 1 mM phosphorus, high solution iron concentration inducednphosphorus deficiency. This was attributed to the accumulation of ironnoxide coatings on roots which it is suggested restricted access ofnseveral nutrients (including nitrogen, potassium, calcium and iron butnparticularly phosphorus), to sites of absorption. At 4 mM phosphorus, itnwas concluded that excess iron in plants depressed growth in peanut at 20nmM calcium alone and in cowpeas at 20 and 100 mM. Increasing solutionncalcium concentration increased growth at 4 mM phosphorus apparently byndecreasing iron absorption and transport to plant tops.A final set of experiments was set up to re-examine the external calciumnrequirements of tropical grain legumes supplied with adequate inorganicnnitrogen and adequate but non-toxic concentration (1.3 mM) of iron.nCritical solution calcium concentrations (g90% of maximum yield) werenfound to range from 8 mM in cowpea CPI 28215, to 18 mM in peanut, 48 mMnin soybean, 1010 mM in cowpea cv. Vita 4, and 1510 pM in pigeonpea, andnguar. Increasing solution calcium concentration increased rates ofnabsorption of phosphorus and nitrogen and decreased rates of absorptionnof zinc and manganese above 12 mM calcium. There were minimal effects ofnincreasing solution calcium above 12 mM on potassium absorption rate.nNodule formation in guar, cowpeas and pigeonpea was more sensitive tonsub-optimal solution calcium concentrations than was host plant growth.nIn contrast, nodule formation in peanut was unrestricted by solutionncalcium concentration as low as 12 mM.The effects of solution calcium on growth, nodulation and nutrient uptakenwere discused in relation to the adaptation of tropical grain legumes tonlow calcium soils and acid soils." @default.
• W2773991330 created "2017-12-22" @default.
• W2773991330 creator A5056411548 @default.
• W2773991330 date "2017-07-12" @default.
• W2773991330 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2773991330 title "Effects of calcium on growth, nodulation and nutrient uptake by tropical grain legumes" @default.
• W2773991330 doi "https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2017.684" @default.
• W2773991330 hasPublicationYear "2017" @default.
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