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• W278328487 abstract "I. ABSTRACT Comparison of the hemagglutinin of A/Victoria/3/75 with that of A/Aichi/2/68 shows that all changes are due to nucleotide substitutions, except for one triplet insertion. Substitutions are mostly transitions, possibly due to G:U mispairing during replication. Most mutations causing an amino acid change are selected away, but this selection is less stringent in the HA1 part, expecially in the middle region. Indeed at a number of sites the mutation avoids immunological neutralization and therefore survives in the population. The net result is an apparently higher variability in HA1. Of the 22 amino acid changes between the HA1 of Aichi/68 and of Victoria/75, we estimated that 16 were involved in antigenic drift. Recent data of Wiley et al. suggest indeed that 15 of the mutations are in immunologically important positions (5 of which are uncertain) divided over four antigenic domains. Remarkably, the implantation of carbohydrate chains is not completely conserved in these H3 hemagglutinins. In order to gain information on the origin of the H3 subtype we have now completely sequenced the hemagglutinin gene of A/Duck/Ukraine/1963. Compared to Aichi/68 there are no deletions or insertions, but only 9.1% nucleotide changes and 4.2% amino acid changes. Taking the silent changes as an internal clock and assuming constant mutation rate independent of host, our data suggest that both originated from a common ancestor gene some 9-11 years ago, e.g., around 1949-1953. This recent divergence strongly suggests an animal hemagglutinin gene as the progenitor of the human H3 pandemic. The evolution 1953 → 1968 was mostly in the absence of strong immunological selection, as the relative number of amino acid changes in the antigenically important positions is less than observed for the comparison Aichi/68-Victoria/75. Also the antigenic domains C and D are conserved between Duck/63 and Aichi/68. This clearly closer homology between Duck/Ukraine/ 63 and Aichi/68 compared to Duck/63 and Victoria/75 constitutes virtual proof that the 1968 pandemic originated by a recombination event in which an H3 type hemagglutinin gene from an animal reservoir was introduced into a human influenza virus." @default.
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• W278328487 date "1981-01-01" @default.
• W278328487 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W278328487 title "DRIFT AND SHIFT OF INFLUENZA VIRUS STUDIED AT THE GENOMIC LEVEL" @default.
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• W278328487 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-515080-4.50007-9" @default.
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