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• W2783299483 abstract "Spinal cord dimensions increased in both relative and absolute terms during the course of hominin evolution. Recent discoveries demonstrate the presence of a fully developed human-sized cervical spinal cord in Australopithecus afarensis at 3.6 million years before present (Ma) and in the cervical and thoracic regions of Homo erectus at 1.8 Ma. The fossil evidence suggests that these hominins possessed a fully human-like postcranial neurological substrate for precision coordination of the arm and hand, corroborated by corresponding skeletal anatomy of the hand and shoulder, as well as discoveries of penecontemporaneous lithic use and putative throwing manuports in the archaeological record. These new fossils provide insight into the neurobiological underpinnings of sophisticated manual behaviours, and overturn prior thinking on the evolution of the central nervous system in the human lineage, indicating that the evolution of the hominin spinal cord was completed well in advance of advances in brain size.Key Concepts The brain and spinal cord are both larger in humans than those of the African great apes.New Australopithecus afarensis fossils from Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia, demonstrate that hominin cervical spinal cord enlargement was completed by at least 3.6 million years ago.Evidence from Homo erectus now shows that hominin thoracic spinal cord enlargement was completed by at least 1.8 million years ago.These new discoveries reveal the neurological capability for fine-motor coordination of the arm, hand, and thoracic muscles in our smaller brained ancestors.It is now apparent that spinal cord expansion was completed prior to brain size expansion in the human lineage.Keywords:spinal cord;human evolution;brachial plexus;Australopithecus;Homo erectus" @default.
• W2783299483 created "2018-01-26" @default.
• W2783299483 creator A5065567774 @default.
• W2783299483 date "2016-08-16" @default.
• W2783299483 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W2783299483 title "The Spinal Cord in Hominin Evolution" @default.
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• W2783299483 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0027058" @default.
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