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• W2783997422 abstract "PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 生态系统生态学研究的关键问题及趋势——从“整体论与还原论的争论”看 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201609271950 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 2014年度国家社会科学基金重点项目（14AZX008） Key problems and trends in the study of ecosystem ecology based on the debate of holism and reductionism Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:在生态学领域中，存在着生态系统整体论与还原论的争论。Tansley A.G.提出，生态系统是准有机体。Odum兄弟提出的生态系统能量说被广泛接受，但也受到质疑，称其为还原论者的整体论。基于对上述质疑的回应以及对生态系统整体论的追求，Patten B.C.等提出生态网络理论，运用网络‘环境子’分析方法，试图从物理层面分析解决生物层面的涌现性问题。不过，这一理论也受到批判，认为其在探究符号化的现象对生态系统的动态影响时，陷入了还原论困境。Jørgensen S.E.等更进一步，提出系统论的生态系统生态学，试图从系统科学的角度研究生态系统的物质-能量-信息-网络系统。这一理论受到生态学界高度重视，但是也存在着在具体研究过程中如何平衡能量视角和生物地球化学视角的问题。由上述争论可见，生态系统生态学研究的趋势是从物质实体到能量流动，再到网络信息，最后到开放系统层层递进。目前面临的关键问题是：如何在更好地定义生态系统整体性的基础上，采取相应的能够体现生态系统整体性的方法，去获得更多、更好的生态系统整体性的认识。 Abstract:The debate of holism and reductionism regarding the ecosystem suggests that ecosystem holism requires further understanding. Tansley created the term ecosystem and regarded it as quasi organisms including the biotic and abiotic associations and human interventions. Thereafter, Lindeman, Eugene, and Howard Odum were fundamental in the development of a systemic-holistic approach. Specifically, Lindeman submitted a chapter of his thesis for publication in the journal Ecology that outlined the Ten Percent Law (namely, the trophodynamics of ecology). Odum brothers adopted the term ecosystem and developed it further. The two brothers worked closely together-they were both committed to promoting Lindeman's functional-systemic approach. Because of their efforts, ecosystem was seen as the fundamental functional unit for ecology, which brought together biotic and abiotic components to form circular paths of energy flow. However, the system ecology of Odum brothers was inappropriate based on material-energy, which was viewed as reductionist holism. Patten et al. proposed the ecological network theory to avoid the reductionism dilemma of the holism of Odum brothers. The ecological network was not only the description of trophic relationships in food webs, but also a representation of the biotic interactions in an ecosystem, in which species were connected by pairwise interactions or links. These interactions can be trophic or symbiotic. Patten et al. considered entities as networks of interrelated factors and defined them as ecosystems. The ecosystem was an entirety formed by an organic or an inorganic entity as well as its featured environment, and constituted an analyzable unit. In this way, Patten et al. attempted to improve the theory of Odum brothers to moderate holism to strengthen the ontological ecosystem holism, and tried to make the context of ecosystem have more wholeness. Patten et al. adopted the network environ analysis to consider the emergence of ecosystem on the physical level, and proposed that more attention should be paid to biological phenomena. However, in ecosystems, there are random quantification problems regarding qualitative ecosystem processes, resulting in the study of semiotic phenomena to fall into reductionism dilemma. Jørgensen et al. proposed the system theory of ecosystem ecology and declared their intention not only to just repeat what was already known but also to introduce some new perspectives about ecosystems. They attempted to boost ecosystem research to an integrated framework including material-energy-information-network and asserted that ecosystems have seven attributes. Their efforts were of importance because they were from not only an epistemological viewpoint but also a scientific viewpoint. However, their tasks still have issues on how to balance energy and biogeochemistry. From the above argument, it can be implied that the trend of ecosystem ecology research is a progressive transformation from material entity-energy flow-information network, and finally to open system. The key challenge of ecosystem ecology is how to better understand the wholeness of ecosystem by adopting a method that appropriately reflects the wholeness of ecosystem. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献" @default.
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• W2783997422 title "Key problems and trends in the study of ecosystem ecology based on the debate of holism and reductionism" @default.
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