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• W2785384367 abstract "The conundrum about what and how much to eat is a uniquely human predicament. Every other free-living animal on Earth eats and drinks according to instincts that compel them to consume the diet for which they are genetically adapted—which ensures optimal nutrition. We have similar intuitive abilities, and in fact, indigenous humans living in the wild generally do not develop obesity, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, or the other chronic noncommunicable diseases prevalent in modern societies. 1 O'Keefe Jr., J.H. Cordain L. Cardiovascular disease resulting from a diet and lifestyle at odds with our Paleolithic genome: how to become a 21st-century hunter-gatherer. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004; 79: 101-108 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (196) Google Scholar , 2 Kaplan H. Thompson R.C. Trumble B.C. et al. Coronary atherosclerosis in indigenous South American Tsimane: a cross-sectional cohort study. Lancet. 2017; 389: 1730-1739 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (146) Google Scholar Yet, humankind abandoned this ancestral hunter-forager lifestyle, wresting our food supply away from Mother Nature and reengineering it to suit our tastes. Now victims of our own success and burdened with the tyranny of choice, we have around-the-clock access 365 days a year to an overabundance of delicious highly processed foods and beverages, many of which have been engineered via food chemistry to promote craving and overconsumption. 3 DiNicolantonio J.J. O'Keefe J.H. Wilson W.L. Sugar addiction: is it real? a narrative review. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097971 Google Scholar , 4 DiNicolantonio J.J. O'Keefe J.H. Lucan S.C. Added fructose: a principal driver of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its consequences. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015; 90: 372-381 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (97) Google Scholar , 5 DiNicolantonio J.J. O'Keefe J.H. Lucan S.C. In reply—Fructose as a driver of diabetes: an incomplete view of the evidence [letter]. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015; 90: 988-990 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar , 6 DiNicolantonio J.J. Lucan S.C. O'Keefe J.H. The evidence for saturated fat and for sugar related to coronary heart disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2016; 58: 464-472 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (133) Google Scholar Food is information; this unnatural eating pattern is noise that bewilders our genes and disturbs our hormones so that now our instincts, honed for survival in the natural world, have become unreliable. 7 O'Keefe E.L. DiNicolantonio J.J. Patil H. Helzberg J.H. Lavie C.J. Lifestyle choices fuel epidemics of diabetes and cardiovascular disease among Asian Indians. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2016; 58: 505-513 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar Today, 2 of 3 American adults are overweight or obese, 8 National Center for Health StatisticsFastStats: Obesity and overweight. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/obesity-overweight.htmDate: Updated May 3, 2017 Google Scholar and many are confused about this emotionally charged issue of what to eat. National guidelines based largely on expert opinion and dietary evangelism railing against fats and animal-based foods have further muddied the waters. 9 Archer E. Pavela G. Lavie C.J. The inadmissibility of What We Eat in America and NHANES dietary data in nutrition and obesity research and the scientific formulation of national dietary guidelines. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015; 90: 911-926 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (145) Google Scholar , 10 Archer E. Pavela G. Lavie C.J. A discussion of the refutation of memory-based dietary assessment methods (M-BMs): the rhetorical defense of pseudoscientific and inadmissible evidence [letter]. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015; 90: 1736-1739 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholar , 11 Davy B.M. Estabrooks P.A. The validity of self-reported dietary intake data: focus on the What We Eat In America component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey research initiative [editorial]. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015; 90: 845-847 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar , 12 Davy B.M. Estabrooks P.A. In Reply—A discussion of the refutation of memory-based dietary assessment methods (M-BMs): the rhetorical defense of pseudoscientific and inadmissible evidence [letter]. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015; 90: 1739-1740 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (6) Google Scholar Thankfully, recent landmark studies provide an emerging evidence-based approach that should be used to inform dietary recommendations for optimal health (Table). TableLandmark Studies Providing an Emerging Evidence-Based Approach to Inform Dietary Recommendations Study Design and populations studied Major findings Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled Dietary Modification Trial 13 Howard B.V. Van Horn L. Hsia J. et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA. 2006; 295: 655-666 Crossref PubMed Scopus (845) Google Scholar Randomized trial involving 48,835 women who were randomly assigned to a low-fat diet or control After a mean of 8.1 years, the low-fat dietary intervention, despite reducing fat intake, did not significantly decrease the risk of CV disease PREDIMED study 14 Estruch R. Ros E. Salas-Salvadó J. et al. PREDIMED Study InvestigatorsPrimary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368 ([published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2014;370(9):886]): 1279-1290 Crossref PubMed Scopus (3086) Google Scholar Randomized trial of 7447 volunteers testing 3 interventions: Mediterranean diet supplemented with either (1) EVOO or (2) mixed nuts or (3) a control diet in which participants were advised to reduce dietary fat After a mean of 4.8 years, the Mediterranean diet supplemented with either EVOO or nuts significantly reduced the incidence of major CV events by 30% PURE study 15 Dehghan M. Mente A. Zhang X. et al. Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study investigatorsAssociations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2017; 390: 2050-2062 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (550) Google Scholar An epidemiological cohort study of 135,335 adults from 18 countries with a median follow-up of 7.4 years Higher dietary carbohydrate consumption was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality. In contrast, higher consumption of dietary fat was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality Tsimane coronary atherosclerosis study 2 Kaplan H. Thompson R.C. Trumble B.C. et al. Coronary atherosclerosis in indigenous South American Tsimane: a cross-sectional cohort study. Lancet. 2017; 389: 1730-1739 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (146) Google Scholar Cross-sectional cohort study of hunter-foragers. Coronary atherosclerosis assessed by noncontrast CT coronary artery calcium scoring Hunter-gatherers consuming a diet of unprocessed natural foods (plants, fish, and wild game) had the lowest levels of CAD of any population ever studied Fruit and vegetable meta-analysis 8 National Center for Health StatisticsFastStats: Obesity and overweight. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/obesity-overweight.htmDate: Updated May 3, 2017 Google Scholar Meta-analysis of 95 cohort prospective studies, which focused on fruit and vegetable intake and health outcomes Fruit and vegetable intakes associated with reduced risk of CV disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality. Worldwide, up to 7 million premature deaths could be prevented annually if individuals consumed 6 to 8 servings of vegetables + fruits daily CAD = coronary artery disease; CT = computed tomography; CV = cardiovascular; EVOO = extra-virgin olive oil; PREDIMED = Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (Prevention with Mediterranean Diet); PURE = Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology. Open table in a new tab CAD = coronary artery disease; CT = computed tomography; CV = cardiovascular; EVOO = extra-virgin olive oil; PREDIMED = Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (Prevention with Mediterranean Diet); PURE = Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology." @default.
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• W2785384367 title "Evidence, Not Evangelism, for Dietary Recommendations" @default.
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