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• W2789014848 abstract "The National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines recommended the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for the classification of CKD, but its accuracy was limited to North American patients with estimated GFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 body surface area of European (White) or African (Black) descent. The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) developed another equation for estimating GFR, derived from a population that included both participants without kidney disease and with CKD. But many ethnicities were inadequately represented. The International Society of Nephrology, Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes committee promulgated clinical practice guidelines, which recommended the CKD-EPI equation. Investigators in Asia subsequently assessed the performance of these GFR estimating equations—the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation, the CKD-EPI equation (creatinine only), and the CKD-EPI equations (creatinine and cystatin C). In this review, we summarize the studies performed in Asia on validating or establishing new Asian ethnicity GFR estimating equations. We included both prospective and retrospective studies which used serum markers traceable to reference materials and focused the review of the performance of GFR estimation by comparisons with the GFR estimations obtained from the CKD-EPI equations. The National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines recommended the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for the classification of CKD, but its accuracy was limited to North American patients with estimated GFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 body surface area of European (White) or African (Black) descent. The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) developed another equation for estimating GFR, derived from a population that included both participants without kidney disease and with CKD. But many ethnicities were inadequately represented. The International Society of Nephrology, Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes committee promulgated clinical practice guidelines, which recommended the CKD-EPI equation. Investigators in Asia subsequently assessed the performance of these GFR estimating equations—the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation, the CKD-EPI equation (creatinine only), and the CKD-EPI equations (creatinine and cystatin C). In this review, we summarize the studies performed in Asia on validating or establishing new Asian ethnicity GFR estimating equations. We included both prospective and retrospective studies which used serum markers traceable to reference materials and focused the review of the performance of GFR estimation by comparisons with the GFR estimations obtained from the CKD-EPI equations. Clinical Summary•Performance of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimating equations has been assessed in Asia.•The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation may require an ethnicity coefficient to adjust the estimated GFR to an Asian reference GFR laboratory.•The use of serum cystatin C in combination with serum creatinine may obviate the need for an ethnicity coefficient. •Performance of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimating equations has been assessed in Asia.•The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation may require an ethnicity coefficient to adjust the estimated GFR to an Asian reference GFR laboratory.•The use of serum cystatin C in combination with serum creatinine may obviate the need for an ethnicity coefficient. The U.S. National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines originally recommended the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study (MDRD) equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as part of the identification and classification of kidney disease (CKD).1K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification.Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 39: S1-S266PubMed Google Scholar Due to the inherent limitations of the original derivation patient population, the accuracy of the MDRD study equations was limited to patients with CKD and with estimated GFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 body surface area.2Levey A.S. Bosch J.P. Lewis J.B. Greene T. Rogers N. Roth D. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group.Ann Intern Med. 1999; 130: 461-470Crossref PubMed Scopus (13030) Google Scholar Moreover, as the study was in a North American population, estimated GFR was only valid in American CKD patients of European (White) and African (Black) descent. The originally published MDRD study equation required more variables than was thought to be practicable for routine clinical practice (needed serum urea nitrogen and serum albumin additionally), and an abbreviated 4-variable equation was eventually adopted in clinical practice.3Levey A.S. Greene T. Kusek J.W. Beck G.J. A simplified equation to predict glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000; 11: A0828PubMed Google Scholar The variables needed were age, gender, serum creatinine, and ethnicity. Under the auspices of the International Society of Nephrology, the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes committee promulgated clinical practice guidelines, which recommended the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation for estimating GFR.4Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group: KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease.Kidney Int Suppl. 2013; 3: 1-150Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (1594) Google Scholar This equation was derived from a population that included both healthy participants without kidney disease and CKD.5Levey A.S. Stevens L.A. Schmid C.H. et al.A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate.Ann Intern Med. 2009; 150: 604-612Crossref PubMed Scopus (16087) Google Scholar It also included a more diverse ethnic population. Nonetheless, many ethnicities were inadequately represented, and the validity of estimations of GFR was uncertain with the CKD-EPI equation in non-European and non-African ethnicities. As a result of the known limitations of using ethnicity as a part of an estimating equation, many investigators looked at other methods of improving the accuracy of the estimating equations including the use of a different serum marker, using another (or more) serum markers in combination, and also muscle mass quantification to adjust serum creatinine, believing that the ethnicity component of equations is in part related to differences in body composition.6Teo B.W. Xu H. Koh Y.Y. et al.Estimating kidney function in a multiethnic Asian population with multiple filtration markers.Am J Kidney Dis. 2012; 60: 500-502Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar Thus, the CKD-EPI collaboration group further expressed an equation that used both serum creatinine and cystatin C.7Inker L.A. Schmid C.H. Tighiouart H. et al.Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C.N Engl J Med. 2012; 367: 20-29Crossref PubMed Scopus (2506) Google Scholar Since then, many different investigators in Asia set about to assess the performance of the various GFR estimating equations, in particular, the MDRD study equation, the CKD-EPI equation (creatinine only), and the CKD-EPI equations (creatinine and cystatin C). In this review, we summarize the various studies performed in Asia on validating or establishing GFR estimating equations, and the clinical practice recommendations established by the various national professional societies, Ministries of Health, or other regulatory agencies, where available. We included both prospective and retrospective studies that indicated serum biomarkers which were traceable to standardized reference materials (serum creatinine and serum cystatin C) and CKD and/or healthy participants without kidney disease were clearly stated. We excluded studies that used radionuclide dynamic kidney imaging to estimate GFR instead of plasma sampling. As the more current KDIGO guidelines recommend the CKD-EPI serum creatinine-based GFR estimating equation, we focused the review of the performance in these populations to comparisons with the CKD-EPI equations. However, our comparisons are limited by the various ways for which accuracy and performance were reported in these studies. Following the introduction of the MDRD study equation, investigators in China and Japan quickly performed validation studies.8Zuo L. Ma Y.C. Zhou Y.H. Wang M. Xu G.B. Wang H.Y. Application of GFR-estimating equations in Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2005; 45: 463-472Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (201) Google Scholar They discovered that the equations had some bias in their respective populations and developed ethnic coefficients for adjusting the MDRD study equation and subsequently the CKD-EPI equation. The Chinese study was published in the year 2006 demonstrating an ethnic coefficient of 1.233.9Ma Y.C. Zuo L. Chen J.H. et al.Modified glomerular filtration rate estimating equation for Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006; 17: 2937-2944Crossref PubMed Scopus (1444) Google Scholar The Japanese study followed soon after, however, showing a much lower coefficient of 0.763.10Imai E. Horio M. Nitta K. et al.Modification of the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) study equation for Japan.Am J Kidney Dis. 2007; 50: 927-937Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (305) Google Scholar This is to say that for the same creatinine, age, and gender, the estimated GFR between a Chinese and Japanese individual is different by over 40%! This finding was thought to be biologically less plausible and challenged by many investigators. There are many technical issues which may account for ascribing bias in GFR estimation to ethnicity. These include the use of different reference GFR measurement methods (urinary vs plasma clearance, radio-isotopes vs inulin), the lack of serum creatinine standardization, the different methods of assaying serum creatinine (alkaline picrate vs enzymatic), and the sample size, distribution of GFR, and constitution of the study sample (CKD patients vs healthy individuals).11Rule A.D. Teo B.W. GFR estimation in Japan and China: what accounts for the difference?.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: 932-935Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar Chinese investigators subsequently presented their findings of creatinine standardization as partly accounting for the bias in GFR estimates.12Zuo L. Qiong L. Zhao X.J. Lin H.Y. Li Y. Wang H.Y. Chinese racial factor in the MDRD equation is partly artificial because of creatinine calibration.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008; 19: 951AGoogle Scholar A crucial element in improving the accuracy of GFR estimating equations is the development of a reference standard for serum creatinine by the National Institute for Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 967 using isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS).13Myers G.L. Miller W.G. Coresh J. et al.Recommendations for improving serum creatinine measurement: a report from the laboratory working group of the national kidney disease Education Program.Clin Chem. 2006; 52: 5-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (1008) Google Scholar This resulted in the re-expression of the MDRD study equation, where standardized serum creatinine was 0.95 times the original MDRD study serum creatinine. Unless otherwise indicated, the more recent publications where standardized serum creatinine was reported are referenced in this review. Realizing the limitations of the earlier validation and equation development studies, Chinese and Japanese groups published further studies. Japanese investigators repeated the validation studies aiming to overcome some of the previous limitations by including central laboratory measurement of the GFR and serum creatinine.14Matsuo S. Imai E. Horio M. et al.Revised equations for estimated GFR from serum creatinine in Japan.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: 982-992Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4531) Google Scholar This study yielded a Japanese ethnic coefficient of 0.808 for the IDMS MDRD study equation. However, in Korea, using inulin clearance (blood sampling) showed a coefficient for the 4-variable IDMS MDRD equation of 0.99096, in between the Chinese and the Japanese results. Thus, despite using standardized creatinine, it was uncertain if ethnicity coefficients for 3 East Asian countries in close proximity were valid or which were more “correct.” The MDRD study equation was limited to only estimating GFR in CKD patients, as GFR is underestimated when applied to patients with kidney function better than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2. The CKD-EPI equation was developed to overcome this but continues to include an ethnic adjustment coefficient for African-Americans (Black), albeit smaller at 1.159.5Levey A.S. Stevens L.A. Schmid C.H. et al.A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate.Ann Intern Med. 2009; 150: 604-612Crossref PubMed Scopus (16087) Google Scholar The most recent Chinese study on GFR estimation compared the 2-level CKD-EPI equation (Black, White), 4-level CKD-EPI equation (Black, Asian, Native American and Hispanic, White and other), the MDRD study equation (all using standardized serum creatinine), and the Chinese equation (using their previously published nonstandardized serum creatinine-based equation).15Kong X. Ma Y. Chen J. et al.Evaluation of the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate in the Chinese population.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013; 28: 641-651Crossref PubMed Scopus (140) Google Scholar In this study, they concluded that both the 2-level CKD-EPI equation and the Chinese equation performed equally well and suggested that both could be used in the Chinese population. However, the Japanese examination of the CKD-EPI (creatinine only equation) modeled a Japanese ethnic coefficient of 0.813 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.794-0.833).16Horio M. Imai E. Yasuda Y. Watanabe T. Matsuo S. Modification of the CKD epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation for Japanese: accuracy and use for population estimates.Am J Kidney Dis. 2010; 56: 32-38Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (320) Google Scholar This is similar to the previously determined coefficient for the MDRD study equation.14Matsuo S. Imai E. Horio M. et al.Revised equations for estimated GFR from serum creatinine in Japan.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: 982-992Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4531) Google Scholar The Japanese coefficient modified CKD-EPI equation performed better.16Horio M. Imai E. Yasuda Y. Watanabe T. Matsuo S. Modification of the CKD epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation for Japanese: accuracy and use for population estimates.Am J Kidney Dis. 2010; 56: 32-38Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (320) Google Scholar Because of the technical issues resulting in seemingly different ethnicity coefficients obtained in different Asian ethnicities, the Asian Collaborative Study for Creating GFR Estimation Equation was started in 2007 to explore the possibility of creating a common GFR estimation equation for Asian people.17Matsuo S. Yasuda Y. Imai E. Horio M. Current status of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equations for Asians and an approach to create a common eGFR equation.Nephrology (Carlton). 2010; 15: 45-48Crossref PubMed Scopus (21) Google Scholar Using the same technique (urinary clearance of inulin), it may be possible to ascertain if there are any adjustment coefficients among different Asian ethnicities.18Dai S.S. Yasuda Y. Zhang C.L. Horio M. Zuo L. Wang H.Y. Evaluation of GFR measurement method as an explanation for differences among GFR estimation equations.Am J Kidney Dis. 2011; 58: 496-498Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar There has not been a publication on this endeavor yet. Pakistani, Taiwanese, and Thai investigators also assessed the performance of the MDRD study and CKD-EPI equations, developed ethnic coefficients adjusting these equations, and/or derived new GFR estimating equations for their respective populations.19Jessani S. Levey A.S. Bux R. et al.Estimation of GFR in South Asians: a study from the general population in Pakistan.Am J Kidney Dis. 2014; 63: 49-58Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar, 20Jeong T.D. Lee W. Yun Y.M. Chun S. Song J. Min W.K. Development and validation of the Korean version of CKD-EPI equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate.Clin Biochem. 2016; 49: 713-719Crossref PubMed Scopus (21) Google Scholar, 21Oh Y.J. Cha R.H. Lee S.H. et al.Validation of the Korean coefficient for the modification of diet in renal disease study equation.Korean J Intern Med. 2016; 31: 344-356Crossref PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar, 22Chen L.I. Guh J.Y. Wu K.D. et al.Modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) study and CKD epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations for Taiwanese adults.PLoS One. 2014; 9: e99645Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar, 23Praditpornsilpa K. Townamchai N. Chawatanarat T. et al.The need for robust validation for MDRD-based glomerular filtration rate estimation in various CKD populations.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011; 26: 2780-2785Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar Newly developed GFR estimating equations in Asian ethnicities are shown in Table 1. As is to be expected, the newly developed equations performed similar or better than the MDRD study equation(s) or the CKD-EPI equation. The performance of the GFR estimations in Asian ethnicities can be compared in Table 2.Table 1Asian GFR Validation StudiesEthnicityGFR Validation StudyCohort (Healthy or CKD or Mixed)Age (y)GFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2)Reference GFR MethodClearance MethodValidated Serum Marker TypeEquations ValidatedCreatinineStandardized to NIST SRM 976Cystatin CStandardized to ERM-DA471/IFCCCreatinine + Cystatin CMDRDCKD-EPICKD-EPI—Mixed N = 535247 ± 1568 ± 39I-iothalamateUrinaryYesYesYesYesYes——ChineseKong and colleagues15Kong X. Ma Y. Chen J. et al.Evaluation of the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate in the Chinese population.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013; 28: 641-651Crossref PubMed Scopus (140) Google ScholarMixed N = 97748.3 ± 16.068.3 ± 37.1Tc-DTPAPlasma (2 and 4 hours)YesYes———YesYesChineseZhang and colleagues24Zhang M. Chen Y. Tang L. et al.Applicability of chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equations in a Chinese population.Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2014; 29: 580-586Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google ScholarMixed N = 61747.11 ± 17.2573.80 ± 37.55Tc-DTPAPlasma (2 and 4 hours)YesYesYesYesYesNoYesJapaneseMatsuo and colleagues14Matsuo S. Imai E. Horio M. et al.Revised equations for estimated GFR from serum creatinine in Japan.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: 982-992Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4531) Google ScholarMixed development N = 413Validation N = 35051.4 ± 16.553.9 ± 17.559.1 ± 35.457.2 ± 34.7InulinUrinaryYesYes———YesNoJapaneseHorio and colleagues16Horio M. Imai E. Yasuda Y. Watanabe T. Matsuo S. Modification of the CKD epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation for Japanese: accuracy and use for population estimates.Am J Kidney Dis. 2010; 56: 32-38Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (320) Google ScholarMixed development N = 413Validation N = 35051.4 ± 16.553.9 ± 17.559.1 ± 35.457.2 ± 34.7InulinUrinaryYesYes————YesJapaneseHorio and colleagues25Horio M. Imai E. Yasuda Y. Watanabe T. Matsuo S. GFR estimation using standardized serum cystatin C in Japan.Am J Kidney Dis. 2013; 61: 197-203Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (180) Google ScholarMixed development N = 413Validation N = 35051.4 ± 16.553.9 ± 17.559.1 ± 35.457.2 ± 34.7InulinUrinaryYesYesYesYesYesNoYesKoreanLee and colleagues26Lee C.S. Cha R.H. Lim Y.H. et al.Ethnic coefficients for glomerular filtration rate estimation by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equations in the Korean population.J Korean Med Sci. 2010; 25: 1616-1625Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google ScholarMixed N = 14748 ± 14.9955.60 ± 27.79InulinPlasma (curve fitting)YesYes———YesNoKoreanChung and colleagues27Chung B.H. Yu J.H. Cho H.J. et al.Comparison of estimating equations for the prediction of glomerular filtration rate in kidney donors before and after kidney donation.PLoS One. 2013; 8: e60720Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google ScholarHealthy N = 20740.4 ± 11110.3 ± 20.7Tc-DTPAPlasma (0.16, 0.5, 3, and 4 hours)YesYes———YesYesKoreanOh and colleagues21Oh Y.J. Cha R.H. Lee S.H. et al.Validation of the Korean coefficient for the modification of diet in renal disease study equation.Korean J Intern Med. 2016; 31: 344-356Crossref PubMed Scopus (5) Google ScholarMixed N = 26649.0 ± 15.858.4 ± 31.7InulinPlasma (curve fitting)YesYes———YesNoKoreanJeong and colleagues20Jeong T.D. Lee W. Yun Y.M. Chun S. Song J. Min W.K. Development and validation of the Korean version of CKD-EPI equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate.Clin Biochem. 2016; 49: 713-719Crossref PubMed Scopus (21) Google ScholarMixed N = 96063.0 ± 13.067.8 ± 34.7Cr-EDTAPlasma (3 and 5 hours)YesYes———YesYesSouth Asian (Pakistani)Jessani and colleagues19Jessani S. Levey A.S. Bux R. et al.Estimation of GFR in South Asians: a study from the general population in Pakistan.Am J Kidney Dis. 2014; 63: 49-58Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (58) Google ScholarMixed50.6 ± 1091.0 (36.7)InulinUrinaryYesYes———YesYesSouth Asian (Indian)Prasad and colleagues28Prasad N. Barai S. Gambhir S. et al.Comparison of glomerular filtration rate estimated by plasma clearance method with modification of diet in renal disease prediction equation and Gates method.Indian J Nephrol. 2012; 22: 103-107Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google ScholarMixed N = 89744.8 (range: 18-70)Reported as means by GFR categoriesTc-DTPAPlasma (1 and 3 hours)YesNo———YesNoSingapore (Chinese, Malay, Indian, Others)Teo and colleagues29Teo B.W. Koh Y.Y. Toh Q.C. et al.Performance of the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C glomerular filtration rate estimation equations in a multiethnic Asian population.Singapore Med J. 2014; 55: 656-659Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google ScholarMixed N = 33553.5 ± 15.167 ± 33Tc-DTPAPlasma (2, 3.5, and 5 hours)YesYesYesYesYesYesYesTaiwanese (Chinese)Chen and colleagues22Chen L.I. Guh J.Y. Wu K.D. et al.Modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) study and CKD epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations for Taiwanese adults.PLoS One. 2014; 9: e99645Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google ScholarMixed development N = 556Validation N = 13947 ± 0.751 ± 167 ± 1.668.8 ± 3.0InulinUrinaryYesYes———YesYesThaiPraditpornsilpa and colleagues23Praditpornsilpa K. Townamchai N. Chawatanarat T. et al.The need for robust validation for MDRD-based glomerular filtration rate estimation in various CKD populations.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011; 26: 2780-2785Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google ScholarCKD59.5 ± 13.655.86 ± 30.40Tc-DTPAPlasma (curve fitting)YesYes———YesYesAbbreviations: CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; DTPA, 99mTc- diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid; EDTA, 51Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; I-iothalamate, 125I-iothalamate; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; IFCC, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry; NIST SRM 976, National Institute for Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 967.Average GFR is reported as mean standard deviation or median (25%-75% or interquartile range). Open table in a new tab Table 2Accuracy of CKD-EPI Equations in AsiansEthnicity/EquationGFR Validation StudyOverallBias Median (95% CI)Precision IQR (P25, P75, or 95% CI)Accuracy P30 (or reported as 1 – P30, 95% CI)CKD-EPI creatinine onlyInker and colleagues7Inker L.A. Schmid C.H. Tighiouart H. et al.Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C.N Engl J Med. 2012; 367: 20-29Crossref PubMed Scopus (2506) Google Scholar3.7 (2.8 to 4.6)15.4 (14.3 to 16.5)12.8 (10.9 to 14.7)Chinese creatinine onlyKong and colleagues15Kong X. Ma Y. Chen J. et al.Evaluation of the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate in the Chinese population.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013; 28: 641-651Crossref PubMed Scopus (140) Google Scholar0.220.573.4Chinese creatinine onlyZhang and colleagues24Zhang M. Chen Y. Tang L. et al.Applicability of chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equations in a Chinese population.Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2014; 29: 580-586Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar5.39920.636 (−4.122, 16.514)72.61Korean creatinine onlyChung and colleagues27Chung B.H. Yu J.H. Cho H.J. et al.Comparison of estimating equations for the prediction of glomerular filtration rate in kidney donors before and after kidney donation.PLoS One. 2013; 8: e60720Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar0.4 (−55.5 to 45.1)—91.8Korean creatinine onlyJeong and colleagues20Jeong T.D. Lee W. Yun Y.M. Chun S. Song J. Min W.K. Development and validation of the Korean version of CKD-EPI equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate.Clin Biochem. 2016; 49: 713-719Crossref PubMed Scopus (21) Google Scholar−0.915.582.8South Asian (Pakistani) creatinine onlyJessani and colleagues19Jessani S. Levey A.S. Bux R. et al.Estimation of GFR in South Asians: a study from the general population in Pakistan.Am J Kidney Dis. 2014; 63: 49-58Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar26.8 (28.2 to 25.4)22.6 (19.9 to 25.3)76.1 (72.7 to 79.5)Singapore (Chinese, Malay, Indian, others) Creatinine onlyTeo and colleagues29Teo B.W. Koh Y.Y. Toh Q.C. et al.Performance of the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C glomerular filtration rate estimation equations in a multiethnic Asian population.Singapore Med J. 2014; 55: 656-659Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar−0.036 (−1.23 to 1.58)15.37 (13.26 to 17.69)13.73 (10.05 to 17.42)Taiwanese (Chinese) creatinine onlyChen and colleagues22Chen L.I. Guh J.Y. Wu K.D. et al.Modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) study and CKD epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations for Taiwanese adults.PLoS One. 2014; 9: e99645Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar−8.02560.4Thai creatinine onlyPraditpornsilpa and colleagues23Praditpornsilpa K. Townamchai N. Chawatanarat T. et al.The need for robust validation for MDRD-based glomerular filtration rate estimation in various CKD populations.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011; 26: 2780-2785Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar−8.015.668.0CKD-EPI cystatin C onlyInker and colleagues7Inker L.A. Schmid C.H. Tighiouart H. et al.Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C.N Engl J Med. 2012; 367: 20-29Crossref PubMed Scopus (2506) Google Scholar3.4 (2.3 to 4.4)16.4 (14.8 to 17.8)14.1 (12.2 to 16.2)Chinese cystatin C onlyZhang and colleagues24Zhang M. Chen Y. Tang L. et al.Applicability of chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equations in a Chinese population.Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2014; 29: 580-586Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar4.41723.87 (−6.374, 17.496)72.12Japanese cystatin C onlyHorio and colleagues25Horio M. Imai E. Yasuda Y. Watanabe T. Matsuo S. GFR estimation using standardized serum cystatin C in Japan.Am J Kidney Dis. 2013; 61: 197-203Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (180) Google Scholar−1.1 (−1.9 to 0.9)14.579 (74 to 83)Singapore (Chinese, Malay, Indian, others) Cystatin C onlyTeo and colleagues29Teo B.W. Koh Y.Y. Toh Q.C. et al.Performance of the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C glomerular filtration rate estimation equations in a multiethnic Asian population.Singapore Med J. 2014; 55: 656-659Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar−2.93 (–3.82 to –1.20)14.03 (12.23 to 16.83)12.84 (9.25 to 16.42)CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin CInker and colleagues7Inker L.A. Schmid C.H. Tighiouart H. et al.Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C.N Engl J Med. 2012; 367: 20-29Crossref PubMed Scopus (2506) Google Scholar3.9 (3.2 to 4.5)13.4 (12.3 to 14.5)8.5 (7.0 to 10.2)Chinese creatinine-cystatin CZhang and colleagues24Zhang M. Chen Y. Tang L. et al.Applicability of chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equations in a Chinese population.Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2014; 29: 580-586Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar2.61420.078 (−5.516, 14.562)76.66Japanese creatinine-cystatin CHorio and colleagues25Horio M. Imai E. Yasuda Y. Watanabe T. Matsuo S. GFR estimation using standardized serum cystatin C in Japan.Am J Kidney Dis. 2013; 61: 197-203Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (180) Google Scholar−4.7 (-5.7 to 3.1)13.277 (72 to 81)Singapore (Chinese, Malay, Indian, others) Creatinine-cystatin CTeo and colleagues29Teo B.W. Koh Y.Y. Toh Q.C. et al.Performance of the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C glomerular filtration rate estimation equations in a multiethnic Asian population.Singapore Med J. 2014; 55: 656-659Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar−1.21 (−2.77 to −0.16)13.74 (11.30 to 15.92)9.85 (6.66 to 13.04)CKD-EPI average of creatinine and cystatin CInker and colleagues7Inker L.A. Schmid C.H. Tighiouart H. et al.Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C.N Engl J Med. 2012; 367: 20-29Crossref PubMed Scopus (2506) Google Scholar3.5 (2.8 to 4.1)13.9 (12.9 to 14.7)8.2 (6.7 to 9.9)Singapore (Chinese," @default.
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• W2789014848 title "Glomerular Filtration Rates in Asians" @default.
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