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- W27894067 abstract "Understanding the mechanisms of toxicity of xenobiotics in living system requires considering the molecular mechanisms involved as well as the relationships across route, level, and duration of exposure for the target tissue in question. Toxicity is commonly interpreted as alterations in normal cellular physiology, biochemistry, and morphology, leading to cell injury and in the extreme cell death. Our current knowledge about such relationships has grown considerably over the last two decades. Besides toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic perspectives, genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic dimensions have offered data-intensive in-depth windows into what is transpiring inside a cell. Toxicants can destabilize cellular homeostasis through closely related or highly divergent mechanisms, including indirect relationships and/or cascade effects acting at pretranscriptional to catalytic levels. Some toxic mechanisms produce reactive oxygen species or reactive nitrogen species that target intracellular organelles, causing both reversible and irreversible damage to cellular infrastructure and its functioning. Intracellular targets, including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane can facilitate or retard toxic events. Likewise, events can be genome-dependent or genome-independent. Interactions across different classes of chemicals resulting in the generation of free radicals and the onset of oxidative stress influence DNA function, redox-sensitive signaling proteins, and signaling pathways to cause toxicity. Understanding the mechanisms of toxicity at the genomic, organellar, subcellular, and cellular levels will grow from our knowledge of the proteome, genome, and/or metabolome, leading to common frameworks that can be used to design agents for cellular defense. Consequently, knowledge about mechanism and mode of action has direct implications for hazard identification and risk assessment, and provides a basis for interpretation of toxicity data, establishment of procedures for antagonizing toxic effects, and protecting workers and the pubic against adverse effects of drugs, chemicals, and natural agents that pose risk to living creatures and the environment." @default.
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- W27894067 date "2014-01-01" @default.
- W27894067 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
- W27894067 title "Mechanisms of Toxicity" @default.
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- W27894067 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-386454-3.00329-8" @default.
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