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• W2789912570 abstract "Understanding the relative roles of geography and ecology in driving speciation, population divergence and population dynamics is a longstanding goal in ecology and evolutionary biology. This is especially true for organisms inhabiting in mountains that usually harbor extremely high species richness and endemism. In this thesis, I combine macro-evolutionary approaches and population genomic analyses at multiple evolutionary timescales to investigate how historically geological and climatic events affected diversification, speciation and demography of Primula section Armerina in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). At macro-evolutionary level, I reconstruct phylogenetic trees of the section and discuss the factors accounting for the incongruence between the chloroplast and nuclear trees that mainly occur among closely related species. I demonstrate that the section originated from the Himalayas and the recent uplift of the QTP has probably triggered its diversification. I also show that niche evolution affects biogeographic patterns of three closely related species in this section. Then, I use population genomic data to examine the interspecific divergence and maintenance of species cohesion between these three closely related species. I successfully obtain a clear relationship among the three species and provide a strong evidence for an origin of the three species in the Himalayas. The following divergences between them coincide with the uplift of the Hengduan Mountains and the Northeast QTP, which highlights the important roles played by past geological events in triggering initial interspecific divergence. After a long period of divergence, the three species came into secondary contact triggered by past climatic changes but with no significant hybridization. I further show that spatial and environmental factors may play an important role in the maintenance of species cohesion. In the final two chapters, I investigate demographic histories of two of the three closely related species that are endemic to the QTP and evaluate the effects of the Quaternary climatic oscillations on their demography. I demonstrate that only the ancestral populations of the two species could survive in different refugia during the largest glaciation that occurred in the QTP. Most of the genetic lineages identified by the population genomic analyses diverged from their ancestral populations only after this glaciation event. The last glacial maximum (LGM) had littler effects on these genetic lineages. Moreover, the response to climatic changes of populations of a species depends on its specific ecological preferences. Finally, all the historical, spatial and environmental factors act as drivers of population differentiation in these alpine plant species. Overall, this work contributes to a significant advance to our understanding of the mechanisms of the interplay between geological and ecological factors in driving speciation and evolution in mountains.--Comprendre de quelle maniere la geographie et l'ecologie contribuent au processus de speciation, a la divergence et la dynamique des populations est un des objectifs majeurs de l'ecologie et de la biologie evolutive. Cet interet est particulierement fort pour les regions montagneuses qui presentent une grande diversite d'especes et un fort taux d'endemisme. Dans cette these, j'integre des approches macro-evolutive avec des analyses de genomique des populations a differentes echelles de temps pour etudier comment les evenements geologiques et climatiques passes ont affecte la diversification, la speciation et la demographie des especes de la section Armenia du genre Primula du plateau Tibetain. Au niveau macro-evolutif, j'ai reconstruit l'arbre phylogenetique du groupe et emis des hypotheses pour expliquer l'incongruence observee pour les especes proches entre les arbres phylogenetiques bases sur des marqueurs nucleaires et chloroplastiques. J'ai demontre que la section Armenia est originaire de l'Himalaya et que la recente orogenese de cette chaine de montagne a probablement ete le facteur declencheur de sa diversification. J'ai aussi montre que l'evolution de la niche a influence la biogeographie de trois especes proches de cette section dont j'ai pu etablir avec precision les relations de parente et leur origine dans l'Himalaya. La divergence entre ces trois especes coincide avec l'orogenese des monts Hengduan et le Nord-Est du plateau Tibetain, ce qui demontre l'importance des evenements geologiques passes dans la divergence inter-specifique. Apres une longue periode d'isolation les trois especes, des changements climatiques ont par le passe induit un contact secondaire mais sans que cela entraine une hybridisation significative. J'ai ensuite montre que les facteurs spatiaux et environnementaux pourraient jouer un role important dans le maintien de la cohesion des especes. Dans les deux derniers chapitres, j'etudie l'histoire demographique de deux des trois especes proches endemiques du plateau Tibetain et j'evalue les effets des oscillations climatiques du Quaternaire sur leur demographie. Je demontre que les populations ancestrales des deux especes ont pu survivre dans differents refuges au cours de la plus longue glaciation du plateau Tibetain. La plupart des lignees genetiques identifiees par les analyses de genomique des populations ont diverge de ces populations ancestrales suite a cet evenement de glaciation. Le dernier maximum glaciaire n'a eu que peu d'effet sur ces lignees. D'autre part, la reponse des populations d'une espece aux changements climatiques depend de ses preferences ecologiques specifiques. Enfin, l'ensemble des facteurs historiques, spatiaux et environnementaux agissent comme des moteurs de la differenciation de ces especes montagneuses. Dans l'ensemble ce travail contribue de maniere significative a la comprehension des mechanismes de l'interaction entre les facteurs geologiques et ecologiques dans la formation et l'evolution des especes au sein des massifs montagneux." @default.
• W2789912570 created "2018-03-29" @default.
• W2789912570 creator A5088160305 @default.
• W2789912570 date "2017-01-01" @default.
• W2789912570 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2789912570 title "Genetic conséquences of historically geological and climatic events in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau : the Primula section Armerina as a case study" @default.
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