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• W2790996411 abstract "AbstractThis work investigates the outcome of the interaction of the multiple causes of selection acting on dispersal in metapopulations. Dispersal, defined here as the ability of individuals to move out of their natal population to reproduce in an other one, has three main causes. First, population variability, as caused by random population extinctions, induces high incentives to disperse through the probability to recolonize an empty population and thus to escape competition for space. This adds to the second cause, kin competition avoidance where individuals in a crowded patch will benefit from the release of competition with relatives caused by dispersal. Dispersal may thus be viewed as an altruistic act. Third, dispersal might evolve as a strategy of avoiding inbred matings which are expected to bear fitness costs due to the presence of a mutation load. The interaction of inbreeding avoidance and kin competition is explored in chapter 2. Conditions conducive to the establishment of a high relatedness within population are expected to induce high dispersal through both kin competition avoidance and inbreeding avoidance. However, the dynamics of inbreeding depression is bound to depend on the level of gene flow as well as on the deleterious mutation parameters. Mutations more prone to settle a high level of inbreeding depression will select for increased dispersal. Chapter 3 investigates the effect of the mating system on the joint dynamics of dispersal and inbreeding depression. Higher inbreeding rates as those found in various mating systems lead to a more efficient purge of the deleterious mutations. However, this decrease in the costs of inbreeding are usually accompanied by a higher within deme relatedness which balances the decreased effect of inbreeding avoidance on the evolution of dispersal. Finally, population turnover, as found in most natural populations has a dual effect on dispersal. Indeed, it increases dispersal by the increased probability of winning a breeding slot in extinct demes it creates but, on the other hand, it counter-selects for dispersal through the slow establishment of unsaturated demic conditions which contribute to lower the local competition for space.ResumeCe travail se propose d'etudier les effets conjoints des multiples causes de l'evolution de la dispersion en metapopulation. La dispersion, definie ici etant la capacite de quitter sa population d'origine pour se reproduire dans une antre population, possede trois principales causes. Premierement, l'extinction aleatoire de populations selectionne pour plus de dispersion car elle augmente la Probabilite de recoloniser un patch eteint et donc d'echapper a la competition locale. La seconde cause, l'evitement de la competition de parentele, selectionne pour plus de dispersion par les benefices qu'elle apporte par diminution de la competition entre individus apparentes. Troisiemement, la dispersion evolue comme strategie d'evitement de la depression de consanguinite presente dans des petites populations isolees. L'interaction entre l'evitement de la consanguinite et de la competition de parentele est etudiee dans le chapitre 2. Les conditions conduisant a l'etablissement d'un fort apparentement a l'interieur des populations sont celles qui generent le plus de selection pour la dispersion. Cependant, la dynamique de la depression de consanguinite est dependante de la dispersion entre populations ainsi que des parametres des mutations deleteres. Les mutations creant le plus de depression de consanguinite sont celles qui selectionneront le plus pour de la dispersion. Le chapitre 3 s'interesse aux effets du systeme de reproduction sur la dynamique conjointe du fardeau de mutation et de la dispersion. La purge des mutations deletere etant plus severe dans des conditions de forte consanguinite, elle diminue les couts de la consanguinite mais est habituellement accompagne par une augmentation de l'apparentement et donc l'effet peut etre neutre sur la dispersion. Finalement, le turnover de populations a un effet dual sur la dispersion. La dispersion est selectionnee par l'augmentation de la probabilite de gagner une place de reproduction dans des patchs eteints mais elle est egalement contre selectionnee par la desaturation des patchs causee par l'extinction et la diminution de la competition pour l'espace qui intervient dans ce cas." @default.
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• W2790996411 date "2005-01-01" @default.
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• W2790996411 title "Multiple causes of the evolution of dispersal in metapopulations" @default.
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