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• W279628066 abstract "AFTER THE BATTLE of Gettysburg ended on July 4, 1863, thousands of dead soldiers were hastily buried at Gettysburg. Part of battlefield became a national memorial and dedication ceremonies were announced. Edward Everett, one of most eminent orators of day, was chosen as speaker. Abraham Lincoln was also invited say a few words on November 19, 1863. Lincoln's address at Gettysburg reads Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated proposition all men are created equal (Lincoln, 246). The speech consisted of 267 words was delivered in two minutes. In spite of brevity of speech, its greatness was recognized by some auditors and readers. One of them was Edward Everett who wrote Lincoln next day: should be glad, if I could flatter myself, I came as near central idea of occasion, in two hours, as you did in two minutes (quoted in McPherson, 112). What is of remarkable interest in speech is Lincoln deliberately misreads Declaration of Independence. In his speech, Lincoln supersedes 1787 Constitution with 1776 Declaration of Independence and rewrites self-evident truth of Declaration of Independence into proposition. Neil Schmitz pertinently points out this is the famous double (Schmitz, 105). Along with mentioning new nation, Lincoln privileged Declaration of Independence over Federalist Constitution which created United States of America. Why did Lincoln valorize 1776 Declaration of Independence over 1787 Constitution? To interpret Gettysburg Address properly, it is necessary know how much importance Lincoln put on or later Nation. Before Civil War, he strongly desired build a nation. His integrate North and South was derived from thymos, a desire recognition. The first extended analysis of phenomenon of recognition appears in Plato's Republic where Socrates provides a detailed analysis. According Socrates, there are three parts soul, a desiring part, a reasoning or calculating part, and a part he calls thymos. The human soul has a desiring part which is composed of many different desires, most vivid of which are hunger and thirst. On one hand, there is a separate part of soul, reasoning part, may induce a human being act contrary desire. But in addition, human being tends self with a certain value and demand recognition value. In other words, human beings seek thymos--recognition of their own worth, or of people, things, or principles they invest with worth (Fukuyama, xvi-xvii, 163-64). Thyrrtos is linked with willingness risk one's life. Lincoln was eager invest himself with a certain value. In his letter one of his close friends, Lincoln told to connect his name with events transpiring in his day and generation, and so impress himself upon them as link his name with something would redound interest of his fellow men, was what he desired live for (quoted in Einhorn, 41). This paper will examine Lincoln's attitude toward Union and nation in his contemporary political situation in terms of misprision and thymos. I will argue Lincoln's deliberate misprision of Declaration of Independence is essentially attributed his thymos building a nation. In his short Gettysburg Address, Lincoln put more emphasis on a role living than on praise of dead. Of course, he praised dead giving their lives that nation might live. But he did not give a eulogy as complete as Everett did in his speech. Instead Lincoln told mournful crowd accomplish the great task remaining redeem sacrifices of war heroes. The president brought more focus into the unfinished work than into praise of dead. …" @default.
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• W279628066 date "2005-09-22" @default.
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• W279628066 title "Thymotic Misprision of Self-Evident Truth" @default.
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