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• W27970113 abstract "I. INTRODUCTION The drafters of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994(1) sought to mitigate the effects of harsh mandatory minimum sentences for defendants who play minor roles in nonviolent drug crimes by creating a provision.2 This provision offers first-time offenders a way out of mandatory minimum sentences based on their minor participation in drug-related federal crimes.3 Typically, these first-time offenders are mules, people asked or hired by drug dealers to transport drugs.4 According to the provision, defendants are eligible for relief if, among other requirements,5 they provid[e] to the government all information and evidence the defendant concerning the offense.6 As an illustration of how the safety valve provision works, consider a hypothetical case. Bob is approached by Marty, who gives Bob a bag and asks Bob to deliver it to a third party. The police stop Bob and find five kilos of cocaine in the bag. At trial, Bob pleads guilty and is convicted of possession with intent to distribute.7 This amount of cocaine carries a mandatory minimum sentence of ten years. Before the sentencing hearing, Bob meets with the prosecutor, who asks Bob the name of the person who gave him the bag. Bob suffers from extreme short-term memory loss and is unable to provide Marty's name to the prosecution. At the sentencing hearing, Bob can obtain relief from the mandatory minimum sentence if he can show that he meets the five requirements of the safety valve provision.8 To qualify for relief, Bob must show (1) that he is a first-time offender according to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines (the Guidelines), (2) that he did not use violence in the commission of the crime, (3) that no one was hurt by Bob's actions, (4) that Bob was a mere participant in the criminal activity, rather than an organizer, and (5) that Bob truthfully provided the government with all of the information that he regarding the offense.9 To prove the fifth requirement, Bob's attorney pays a psychiatrist to testify at the sentencing hearing regarding Bob's condition. To grant Bob safety valve relief, the judge will have to evaluate the psychiatrist's testimony and decide whether he believes that Bob met the fifth requirement of truthfulness by providing all the information he has.10 The safety valve provision was enacted ten years after the enactment of the Sentencing Reform Act, which created mandatory minimum sentences for many drug and firearm offenses in addition to establishing the Federal Sentencing Commission to ensure uniformity in federal sentencing.11 The purpose of the safety valve was to ensure that first-time, nonviolent offenders were not unduly punished by mandatory minimum sentences that were meant to apply to more culpable defendants with extensive criminal histories.12 After the defendant presents his case, and the prosecution raises any objections, the court discretion to determine whether or not the defendant provided all the information he has, based on the evidence presented at sentencing (or trial) and any additional evidence presented to the court.13 Since the enactment of the safety valve provision, codified in the Federal Sentencing Guidelines as Rule 5C1.2, most of the related litigation focused on the fifth requirement, that a defendant provide . . . all information . . . [he] has in order to qualify for safety valve relief.14 The defendant carries the burden of proof as to the five criteria.15 An issue at the heart of the safety valve's purpose is whether or not the information a defendant provides to the government must be objectively truthful, or whether the truthfulness requirement is satisfied when a defendant provides all the information that he subjectively believes to be truthful, even though that information may be contrary to facts offered by the government. The federal circuits are divided as to the standard of truthfulness required for safety valve relief. …" @default.
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• W27970113 date "2003-05-01" @default.
• W27970113 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W27970113 title "The Difference between Truth and Truthfulness: Objective versus Subjective Standards in Applying Rule 5C1.2" @default.
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