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W2797188052 abstract "Ice core records of NO 3 − deposition to polar glaciers could provide unrivaled information on past photochemical status and N cycling dynamics of the troposphere, if the ice core records could be inverted to yield concentrations of reactive N oxides in the atmosphere at past times. Limited previous investigations at Summit, Greenland, have suggested that this inversion may be difficult, since the levels of HNO 3 and aerosol‐associated NO 3 − over the snow are very low in comparison with those of NO 3 − in the snow. In addition, it appears that some fraction of the NO 3 − in snow may be reemitted to the atmosphere after deposition. Here we report on extensive measurements of HNO 3 , including vertical gradients between 1.5 and 7 m above the snow, made during the summers of 1994 and 1995 at Summit. These HNO 3 data are compared with NO 3 − concentrations in surface snow and the first measurements of the concentrations and fluxes of total reactive nitrogen oxides (N y ) on a polar glacier. Our results confirm that HNO 3 concentrations are quite low (mean 0.5 nmol m −3 ) during the summer, while NO 3 − is the dominant ion in snow. Daytime peaks in HNO 3 − appear to be due at least partly to emissions from the snow, an assertion supported by gradients indicating a surface source for HNO 3 − on many days. Observed short‐term increases in NO 3 − inventory in the snow can be too large to be readily attributed to deposition of HNO 3 − suggesting that deposition of one or more other N oxides must be considered. We found that the apparent fluxes of HNO 3 and NO y were in opposite directions during about half the intervals when both were measured, with more cases of HNO 3 leaving the snow, against an NO y flux into the snow, than the reverse. The concentrations of NO y are generally about 2 orders of magnitude greater than those of HNO 3 ; hence deposition of only a small, non‐HNO 3 , fraction of this pool could dominate NO 3 − in snow, if the depositing species converted to NO 3 − , either in the snowpack or upon melting for analysis." @default.
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W2797188052 date "1998-02-01" @default.
W2797188052 modified "2023-10-11" @default.
W2797188052 title "Air‐snow exchange of HNO3 and NOy at Summit, Greenland" @default.
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W2797188052 doi "https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd03132" @default.
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