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• W279733854 abstract "The Case of Hard Squares in Barcelona Josep Muntanola-Thornberg A large number of hard squares, or plazas, were constructed in Barcelona, Spain, between 1980 and 1984, just after the political upheavals following the death of General Franco. The socialist party in power in the City Hall claimed that the squares represented the beginning of a new demo- cratic urban policy. It is true that Barcelona lacked public open spaces after forty years of Franco's dictatorship. The old regime was not interested in having open urban spaces in popular neighborhoods, since people could stage demonstrations in them. With the change of urban policies, Oriol Bohigas, the architect-in-chief in the City Hall, spoke of a new monumentality in the sub- urbs of Barcelona, designed to dignify the city and increase public life in the open urban spaces. In spite of the immediate and persuasive publicity emanating from the city government, which heralded the modern quality of these new squares, the first reaction of many users was rejection. Now, several years later, the controversy has quieted down for many reasons, including financial problems, changes in the City Hall and, most of all, the race for the Olympic- Games to be held in Barcelona in 1992. The reasons people cited for disliking the squares were that they lacked spatial quality and proper comfort due to the absence of trees, green areas, and soft surfaces for children. Im- mediately those who made these criticisms were charged with conservatism. Their concerns were countered with the idea that democracy in Spain needs a modern image, so long repressed by General Franco's censorship. The City Hall of Barcelona funded a study on the impact of these hard squares on public opinion.' One girl about sixteen years of age said, This square needs some trees to give some intimacy. Referring to the concrete walls between the people and the cars, a nineteen-year-old boy said, The edges of this square are badly designed. Instead of a barrier of stone they should have put a row of plants or other soft l i m i t . People do not like these concrete barriers, which do not isolate from noise and view but produce a sensation of claustrophobia and artifi- ciality. Architects argue that these walls define open public space. Citizens argue that the buildings define the public space, not the low walls. Most of the users agreed that the Plaza dels Paisos Catalans, or Plaza de Sans, a new square above the new central rail station in Barce- lona, is the square with the best design. A t the same time, however, they were very angry about the lack of I I Plaza de Sans, hard bench and elevated shadow roof Places / Volume 4, Number I" @default.
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• W279733854 date "1987-04-01" @default.
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• W279733854 title "The Case of Hard Squares in Barcelona" @default.
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