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• W280056012 abstract "ABSTRACT Recently, a number of contemporary political theorists have developed criticisms of political representation and politics based on territory. Most of these views are a reaction to worries over the ineffectiveness of participation in contemporary liberal democracies. Other views on this subject stress the need to bring together citizens of different nation states to address transnational issues. In both cases, there has been a renewed call for exploring forms of political participation and representation based on interest or function rather than territory. What is generally absent from these discussions is any reflection on earlier calls for functionalist representation rooted in the anarchist and syndicalist traditions. In this paper, I explore the similarities and differences between these contemporary and earlier views on functional representation. Whatever the relationship of the two traditions might be, the origins of calls for functional representation are a rich resource that we can use to sharpen our thinking about its possible application today. Keywords Citizenship, Class, Political Theory, Representation I Why do we base representation on territory? The answer is, in part, because of historical accident. In Western Europe we can trace this artefact back to the turmoil of religious conflict after the Reformation. The solution for this conflict was to uncouple religious affiliation from territorial allegiance. In much of Europe this led to partition and the drawing of new borders between Catholic and Protestant forces. In France the problem of religious conflict was especially acute because of the urban concentrations of the Protestant Huguenots inside the predominantly Catholic territory and, compared to other parts of Europe (for example the German lands), partition was not a viable solution for the conflict. Jean Bodin's argument for sovereignty in France transformed the problem. By having one sovereign for a whole territory, subjects of various faiths could still show allegiance to their territorial government. Bodin envisioned a sovereign who could stand above the religious conflicts rather than taking one side or the other. Indeed, Bodin explicitly warns the sovereign against partiality: ... sometime it happeneth the sovereign prince to make himself a party, instead of holding the place of a sovereign judge: in which doing for all that he shall be no more but the head of one party so undoubtedly put himself in danger of his life, and that especially when such dangerous seditions and factions be not governed upon matters directly touching his estate, but otherwise, as it hath happened almost in all Europe within this fifty years, in the wars made for matters of religion.1 Bodin's political solution to religious conflict in France was sovereignty: with one sovereign, subjects of different faiths could coexist peacefully in the same tetritory. Eventually, this subject became a citizen. Obligation to one's sovereign followed from living within the territory of a ruler. Further refinements to Bodin's concept of sovereignty made it compatible with the principle of representation. In the work of John Locke, there is a demand for consent from the governed and a principle of popular sovereignty. It is interesting to note, however, that Locke stul sees sovereignty and obligation connected to territory. For example, in his famous idea of tacit consent Locke argues, ... that every man that hath any possession or enjoyment of any part of the dominions of any government, doth thereby give his tacit consent, and is as far forth obliged to obethence to the laws ofthat government, during such enjoyment, as any one under it; whether this his possession be of land, to him and his heirs forever, or a lodging only for a week; or whether it be barely travelling freely on the highway; and in effect, it reaches as far as the very being of any one within the territories of that government. …" @default.
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• W280056012 date "2010-07-01" @default.
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• W280056012 title "Functional Representation and Its Anarchist Origins" @default.
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