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• W2800689895 abstract "ResumeLa coexistence de nombreuses especes differentes a de tout temps intrigue les biologistes. La diversite et la composition des communautes sont influencees par les perturbations et l'heterogeneite des conditions environnementales. Bien que dans la nature la distribution spatiale des conditions environnementales soit generalement autocorrelee, cet aspect est rarement pris en compte dans les modeles etudiant la coexistence des especes. Dans ce travail, nous avons donc aborde, a l'aide de simulations numeriques, la coexistence des especes ainsi que leurs caracteristiques au sein d'un environnement autocorrele.Afin de prendre en compte cet element spatial, nous avons developpe un modele de metacommunaute (un ensemble de communautes reliees par la dispersion des especes) spatialement explicite. Dans ce modele, les especes sont en competition les unes avec les autres pour s'etablir dans un nombre de places limite, dans un environnement heterogene. Les especes sont caracterisees par six traits: optimum de niche, largeur de niche, capacite de dispersion, competitivite, investissement dans la reproduction et taux de survie. Nous nous sommes particulierement interesses a l'influence de l'autocorrelation spatiale et des perturbations sur la diversite des especes et sur les traits favorises dans la metacommunaute. Nous avons montre que l'autocorrelation spatiale peut avoir des effets antagonistes sur la diversite, en fonction du taux de perturbations considere. L'influence de l'autocorrelation spatiale sur la capacite de dispersion moyenne dans la metacommunaute depend egalement des taux de perturbations et survie. Nos resultats ont aussi revele que de nombreuses especes avec differents degres de specialisation (i.e. differentes largeurs de niche) peuvent coexister. Toutefois, les especes specialistes sont favorisees en absence de perturbations et quand la dispersion est illimitee. A l'oppose, un taux eleve de perturbations selectionne des especes plus generalistes, associees avec une faible competitivite.L'autocorrelation spatiale de l'environnement, en interaction avec l'intensite des perturbations, influence donc de maniere considerable la coexistence ainsi que les caracteristiques des especes. Ces caracteristiques sont a leur tour souvent impliquees dans d'importants processus, comme le fonctionnement des ecosystemes, la capacite des especes a reagir aux invasions, a la fragmentation de l'habitat ou aux changements climatiques. Ce travail a permis une meilleure comprehension des mecanismes responsables de la coexistence et des caracteristiques des especes, ce qui est crucial afin de predire le devenir des communautes naturelles dans un environnement changeant.AbstractUnderstanding how so many different species can coexist in nature is a fundamental and long-standing question in ecology. Community diversity and composition are known to be influenced by heterogeneity in environmental conditions and disturbance. Though in nature the spatial distribution of environmental conditions is frequently autocorrelated, this aspect is seldom considered in models investigating species coexistence. In this work, we thus addressed several questions pertaining to species coexistence and composition in spatially autocorrelated environments, with a numerical simulations approach.To take into account this spatial aspect, we developed a spatially explicit model of metacommunity (a set of communities linked by dispersal of species). In this model, species are trophically equivalent, and compete for space in a heterogeneous environment. Species are characterized by six life-history traits: niche optimum, niche breadth, dispersal, competitiveness, reproductive investment and survival rate. We were particularly interested in the influence of environmental spatial autocorrelation and disturbance on species diversity and on the traits of the species favoured in the metacommunity. We showed that spatial autocorrelation can have antagonistic effects on diversity depending on disturbance rate. Similarly, spatial autocorrelation interacted with disturbance rate and survival rate to shape the mean dispersal ability observed in the metacommunity. Our results also revealed that many species with various degrees of specialization (i.e. different niche breadths) can coexist together. However specialist species were favoured in the absence of disturbance, and when dispersal was unlimited. In contrast, high disturbance rate selected for more generalist species, associated with low competitive ability.The spatial structure of the environment, together with disturbance and species traits, thus strongly impacts species diversity and, more importantly, species composition. Species composition is known to affect several important metacommunity properties such as ecosystem functioning, resistance and reaction to invasion, to habitat fragmentation and to climate changes. This work allowed a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for species composition, which is of crucial importance to predict the fate of natural metacommunities in changing environments" @default.
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• W2800689895 date "2010-01-01" @default.
• W2800689895 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2800689895 title "Effect of spatial processes on the evolution of ecological niches and dispersal in metacommunity systems" @default.
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