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- W2801491323 abstract "Somatotropes secrete growth hormone (GH), which regulates growth and metabolism. Defects in somatotrope function can result in GH deficiency (GHD), leading to short stature in childhood and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Normal somatotrope differentiation is orchestrated by transcription factors, hormonal input, and signaling factors. The field of stem cell research holds much promise toward improving therapies for GHD. Pituitary somatotropes secrete growth hormone (GH), which is essential for normal growth and metabolism. Somatotrope defects result in GH deficiency (GHD), leading to short stature in childhood and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Current hormone replacement therapies fail to recapitulate normal pulsatile GH secretion. Stem cell therapies could overcome this problem but are dependent on a thorough understanding of somatotrope differentiation. Although several transcription factors, signaling pathways, and hormones that regulate this process have been identified, the mechanisms of action are not well understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the known players in somatotrope differentiation while emphasizing the need to better understand these pathways to serve patients with GHD. Pituitary somatotropes secrete growth hormone (GH), which is essential for normal growth and metabolism. Somatotrope defects result in GH deficiency (GHD), leading to short stature in childhood and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Current hormone replacement therapies fail to recapitulate normal pulsatile GH secretion. Stem cell therapies could overcome this problem but are dependent on a thorough understanding of somatotrope differentiation. Although several transcription factors, signaling pathways, and hormones that regulate this process have been identified, the mechanisms of action are not well understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the known players in somatotrope differentiation while emphasizing the need to better understand these pathways to serve patients with GHD. the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland. the absence of an organ. WNT signaling mediated by β-catenin. deficiency in GH and one or more of the other pituitary hormones. the process after which a cell can differentiate only into a specific cell type. one of five hormone-producing cell types of the anterior pituitary gland; secretes ACTH. a process where a multipotent progenitor cell commits to a specific cell type with a specific function. involving two genes. an altered gene product that acts antagonistically to the wild-type protein. the process of becoming/adopting the characteristics of the dorsal aspect of an organism or organ; for example, the region of the anterior lobe that is closest to the posterior lobe. the layer of cells in embryonic development that will become the skin, mouth, pituitary gland, pineal gland, and nerve tissue. pluripotent cells in embryos that have the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into multiple cell types. removal of the brain. process by which an epithelial cell loses its polarity and cell–cell adhesion, gains migratory ability, and becomes a mesenchymal cell. the cause of a disease. deliberate modification of the genetic material of an organism used to recapitulate and study a human or animal disease or condition. study of a genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to determine whether the genetic variants are associated with a particular trait. pertaining to the genome. one of five hormone-producing cell types of the anterior pituitary gland; secretes LH and FSH. failure to produce normal levels of GH. undifferentiated human cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types; include embryonic stem cells and iPSCs. a reduction in the number of cells in an organ. the part of the brain that innervates the pituitary gland to regulate its function. adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to express markers of an undifferentiated cell. deficiency in GH while the other pituitary hormones are normal. one of five hormone-producing cell types of the anterior pituitary gland; secretes PRL. the stem cell niche lining the pituitary cleft. identification of changes in the genetic code that contribute to a disease. concerning the shape of a tissue or organ. involving multiple genes. the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; of neural origin. WNT signaling that is independent of β-catenin. an organ containing a collection of hormone-producing cells that regulate several physiological processes including growth, metabolism, reproduction, lactation, and response to stress. the ability of a cell to differentiate into multiple cell types. after birth. cells that differentiate from POU1F1-positive progenitors. the rate of occurrence. a multipotent cell that will eventually differentiate into a specific cell type. portion of the oral ectoderm that invaginates to form the putative pituitary during embryonic development and will become the intermediate and anterior lobes of the pituitary gland; named for Dr Martin Rathke, who first described this structure in the early 19th century. a high-throughput technique in which the RNA (transcriptome) from a single cell is sequenced, allowing the analysis of gene expression in each cell rather than pooled RNA from groups of cells. a bihormonal pituitary cell that produces both GH and PRL. one of five hormone-producing cell types of the anterior pituitary gland; secretes GH. when an undifferentiated cell adopts its fate; the fate of a cell is considered specified when the cell is capable of differentiating without further external signals. a mutation that arises naturally. an undifferentiated cell that is capable of renewing itself and that can differentiate into specific cell types. one of five hormone-producing cell types of the anterior pituitary gland; secretes TSH. the ventral portion of the forebrain that will form the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. the process of becoming/adopting the characteristics of the ventral aspect of an organism or organ; for example, the region of the anterior lobe that is furthest from the posterior lobe. technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding genes in a genome, that can be used to find the genetic cause for a disease." @default.
- W2801491323 created "2018-05-17" @default.
- W2801491323 creator A5043235700 @default.
- W2801491323 creator A5046617194 @default.
- W2801491323 date "2018-07-01" @default.
- W2801491323 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
- W2801491323 title "Molecular Mechanisms Governing Embryonic Differentiation of Pituitary Somatotropes" @default.
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