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- W2801623963 abstract "Over the past four decades, rapid urbanisation in China has brought unprecedented health benefits to its urban population, but has also created new challenges for protection of and promotion of health in cities. With the shift from rural to urban living, more people than ever enjoy the health advantages that cities can provide, such as better access to health services and improved sanitation. For example, the average life expectancy of male urban residents in 2010 was estimated to be 7·09 years longer than that of of their counterparts in rural China; urban females lived 6·64 years longer.1Yang G Liu S Analysis on the average life expectancy in population of China based on Bayesian random-effect model.Stat Res. 2015; 32: 95-100Google Scholar Other changes associated with rapid urbanisation–including large-scale migration, ageing, pollution, shifts in diet and lifestyle, and social inequality–have created new health challenges.2Gong P Liang S Carlton EJ et al.Urbanisation and health in China.Lancet. 2012; 379: 843-852Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (747) Google Scholar For example, about 52% of people over 60 years old lived in urban areas in 2015 compared with 34% in 2000,3Ministry of Civil AffairsResults of the fourth national survey of urban and rural elderly in China.http://www.mca.gov.cn/article/zwgk/mzyw/201610/20161000001974.shtmlDate: 2015Google Scholar thus increasing the burden of senior care in Chinese cities. Non-communicable diseases have replaced infectious diseases as the leading cause of death among urban residents; the percentage of years of life lost because of such diseases as a fraction of all-cause years of life lost increased from 50·0% (95% CI 48·5–53·0) in 1990 to 77·3% (76·5–78·1) in 2015.4Wang H Naghavi M Allen C et al.the GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death CollaboratorsGlobal, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.Lancet. 2016; 388: 1459-1544Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3654) Google Scholar Health inequality also increased in urban areas.5Wang H Yu Y Increasing health inequality in China: an empirical study with ordinal data.J Econ Inequal. 2016; 14: 41-61Crossref Scopus (2) Google Scholar China has acted to address urban health challenges by passing strict environmental regulations and investing heavily in urban infrastructure. Major reforms have been passed to increase the transparency of environmental governance to control pollution over the short term, while moving to reform whole industries and thus provide long-term solutions. Programmes like the Hygienic Cities movement have invested heavily in urban infrastructure to promote health, including major improvements in urban sanitation.6Meng Q Yue D Ruan S Cheng G Report on comprehensive evaluation of National Hygienic Cities. Peking University China Center for Health Development Studies, Beijing2014Google Scholar China has also increased coverage of and accessibility to health services in urban areas. In 2016, around 93·8% of the urban population was covered by urban medical insurance programmes, a substantial increase from 4·1% in 1998 when the programmes started.7Ministry of Human Resources and Social SecurityAnnual statistical bulletin on human resources and social security development in 1998.http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/zwgk/szrs/tjgb/200602/t20060207_69891.htmlDate: 2006Google Scholar, 8Ministry of Human Resources and Social SecurityAnnual statistical bulletin on human resources and social security development in 2016.http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/zwgk/szrs/tjgb/201705/t20170531_271671.htmlDate: 2017Google Scholar Meanwhile, cities in China are also testing new strategies for urban health management, such as China's pilot Healthy Cities project.9Wang Y Wang H Zhang X Li J Long Q Analysis of the practice and development strategies of healthy cities in China.in: Wang H Xie S Sheng J Annual report on healthy city construction in China (2016). Social Science Academic Press, Beijing2016Google Scholar Management of chronic diseases and mental disorders in cities has improved dramatically and major progress has been made regarding access to preventive and primary health services. All these efforts have contributed to the reduction of exposure to health risks and health improvement in urban China. However, despite these successes, major gaps remain, including but not limited to an over-reliance on a top-down-approach to environmental management, a narrow focus on health care in urban health management, and a scarcity of intersectoral action. Given that the urbanisation rate in China is predicted to reach 71% by 2030,10Chen Q Dietzenbacher E Los B The effects of ageing and urbanisation on China's future rural and urban populations.Asian Popul Stud. 2017; 13: 172-197Crossref Scopus (0) Google Scholar urban health challenges will continue to emerge and expand. If innovative strategies are not used to address these issues, they will become major obstacles to the achievement of improved health and development for millions of people. It has also become clear that the health sector alone, with its traditional piecemeal approach, cannot effectively resolve the modern challenges to urban health in China. The country is now in a transitional period in which the pursuit of economic growth at any cost is being replaced by sustainable development. In 2013, President Xi Jinping declared China's intention to develop a so-called ecological civilisation (ecocivilisation), the core principles of which involve balancing the relationship between humanity and nature. During this transition, health is recognised as the centrepiece of sustainable development in China, as highlighted in the Healthy China 2030 plan that was adopted in 2016.11Central Committee of Chinese Communist PartyState CouncilThe Plan for Healthy China 2030. Government of the People's Republic of China, Beijing2016Google Scholar As a result, people-centred and health-oriented urban development will hopefully prevail in China; however, major efforts, political will, and investments will be needed to put this vision into practice. The Tsinghua–Lancet Commission on Healthy Cities in China aimed to characterise, understand, and address urban health challenges in the unique context of China's rapid and dynamic urban development. Experts from a wide range of disciplines examined environmental and social determinants of health, identified key stakeholders, and assessed actions for the prevention, management, and control of adverse health outcomes associated with the country's urban experience. We conclude that key efforts are needed to combat urban health challenges in China and these should be unified with the Healthy Cities movement, which uses a systems approach to urban health management and provides a clear path to the realisation of the Healthy China 2030 plan. Actions taken to build healthy cities in China have contributed to global knowledge on the development of healthy cities in other parts of the world. China's strategic, simultaneous rollout of diverse trials in different cities—in areas such as health education and promotion—and its rapid adoption of effective approaches at the national scale is a valuable lesson for other countries facing rapid urbanisation. Despite such successes, we believe that there is room for substantial improvement and make the following five key recommendations. China should take advantage of new, human-centred urbanisation strategies. For example, cities should integrate health into urban planning and design as a first step towards the integration of health into all policies. Cities should increase participation by residents, the private sector, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and community groups in health management. This increase can be achieved through investment in community capacity building and engagement with the private sector. To motivate and sustain intersectoral action in the design, building, and management of healthy cities, cities should develop ways to assess the health effects of urban management by use of measures that span multiple and diverse sectors. Cities should view the health goals specified in the Healthy China 2030 plan as long-term goals that are achieved through the building of healthy cities. Indicator systems should be put in place to assess progress and inform the public. To develop new theories and practical solutions, cities should increase investment and form partnerships with universities, research institutes, and the private sector to support research and education on the best ways to create healthy cities." @default.
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- W2801623963 date "2018-05-01" @default.
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- W2801623963 title "The Tsinghua–Lancet Commission on Healthy Cities in China: unlocking the power of cities for a healthy China" @default.
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