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• W2803286817 startingPage "576" @default.
• W2803286817 abstract "Microaerophilic parasites, such as Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Giardia lamblia account for hundreds of millions of annual infections worldwide. These organisms are susceptible to oxygen because molecular oxygen and several of its derivatives deactivate essential proteins, such as pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and ferredoxin. In the body, microaerophilic parasites can be exposed to molecular oxygen and reactive oxygen species. In order to prevail, microaerophilic parasites employ a large array of antioxidant enzymes. Many of these enzymes are different from their counterparts in the host and constitute targets for chemotherapy. 5-nitroimidazoles, including metronidazole, compromise the antioxidant defense. Several novel antiparasitic drugs, including auranofin, NBDHEX, and several garlic constituents seem to have a similar mode of action. The microaerophilic parasites Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Giardia lamblia jointly cause hundreds of millions of infections in humans every year. Other microaerophilic parasites such as Tritrichomonas foetus and Spironucleus spp. pose a relevant health problem in veterinary medicine. Unfortunately, vaccines against these pathogens are unavailable, but their microaerophilic lifestyle opens opportunities for specifically developed chemotherapeutics. In particular, their high sensitivity towards oxygen can be exploited by targeting redox enzymes. This review focusses on the redox pathways of microaerophilic parasites and on drugs, either already in use or currently in the state of development, which target these pathways. The microaerophilic parasites Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Giardia lamblia jointly cause hundreds of millions of infections in humans every year. Other microaerophilic parasites such as Tritrichomonas foetus and Spironucleus spp. pose a relevant health problem in veterinary medicine. Unfortunately, vaccines against these pathogens are unavailable, but their microaerophilic lifestyle opens opportunities for specifically developed chemotherapeutics. In particular, their high sensitivity towards oxygen can be exploited by targeting redox enzymes. This review focusses on the redox pathways of microaerophilic parasites and on drugs, either already in use or currently in the state of development, which target these pathways. concentration of a given drug at which the activity of an enzyme or the growth of a microorganism is reduced to 50% of the maximal rate. organometallic complexes of sulfur and iron functioning as prosthetic groups in proteins such as pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and ferredoxin. Iron-sulfur clusters abound in anaerobic/microaerophilic organisms and are highly vulnerable to oxygen, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide. derivatives of imidazole with a nitro group at the C5 position. This substance class comprises metronidazole, the most often prescribed drug against infections with anaerobic/microaerophilic pathogens. The nitro group is only reduced in these organisms, which is a prerequisite for the compounds’ toxicity. derivatives of O2 of a higher reduced grade and with high reactivity, including radicals such as the superoxide radical anion (O2.−) and non-radical species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). are formed through the reaction of nitric oxide (∙ NO) and superoxide, and include peroxynitrite (ONOO−) and several of its decay products such as nitrogen dioxide (∙ NO2)." @default.
• W2803286817 created "2018-06-01" @default.
• W2803286817 creator A5021210826 @default.
• W2803286817 creator A5035452018 @default.
• W2803286817 creator A5081329624 @default.
• W2803286817 date "2018-07-01" @default.
• W2803286817 modified "2023-10-03" @default.
• W2803286817 title "Redox Pathways as Drug Targets in Microaerophilic Parasites" @default.
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