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• W2804339930 endingPage "93" @default.
• W2804339930 startingPage "1" @default.
• W2804339930 abstract "Toxicity (T) is a function of exposure (E), is function of dose (c) and time (t) [T = f (E (c, t))]. This chapter introduces toxicity of pesticides, discusses the methods for studying toxic reactions, and discusses the factors affecting toxicity. Consequences of interactions between a toxic agent and an organism at the molecular level propagate through toxicodynamic or toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic causality chains all the way to the manifestation of toxicity at the organismic level. If the recovery (consisting of adaptation, repair, and reversibility) half-life of an organism is longer than the half-life of the causative agent in the organism, then toxicodynamics becomes rate-determining (one-compartment model) or rate-limiting (multicompartment model). If the toxicokinetic half-life of the compound is longer than the recovery half-life, then toxicokinetics will be rate-determining (-limiting), in which case the toxicokinetic area under the curve (AUC) will be identical to the toxicodynamic AUC. Time relationships in toxicity often can be expressed best by recording the range and mean of time required to produce an observed effect. A median effective time (ET 50) or median lethal time (LT 50) gives a more precise estimate of time to be anticipated in repeated tests than can be expressed by a simple average. The logtime–logdose curve may be used to predict the proper dosages to be used in long-term studies. Modern toxicology determines, in a broader sense, exposure responses consisting of dose responses and time responses, thereby establishing practical thresholds which define the safety of chemicals." @default.
• W2804339930 created "2018-06-01" @default.
• W2804339930 creator A5003203034 @default.
• W2804339930 creator A5039160209 @default.
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• W2804339930 date "2001-01-01" @default.
• W2804339930 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2804339930 title "Dose, Time, and Other Factors Influencing Toxicity" @default.
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