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• W280524004 abstract "We do not look at the social order from our situation but take up a point of view that everyone can adopt on an equal footing. In this sense we look at society and our place in it objectively: we share a common standpoint along with others and do not make our judgments from a personal slant. (1) All bad precedents originate from measures good in themselves. (2) ECONOMIST AMARTYA K. SEN and philosopher Martha C. Nussbaum seek to make an argument on behalf of a form of contemporary liberalism called capabilities liberalism. They seek to argue for this version of liberalism without appealing either to ethical relativism or skepticism or to utilitarianism, deontologism, or contractarianism. Rather, they seek to employ the Aristotelian notion of human flourishing in making their case for liberalism, while at the same time avoiding either communitarian or conservative political points of view. Sen and Nussbaum are, however, severe critics of classical liberalism and major advocates of social democracy. They also use an ethics of human flourishing to reject the idea that economic growth is a sufficient measure of development. United Nations and many world development organizations appeal to their ideas. Sen/Nussbaum approach seems on the surface rather commonsensical, to wit: in order to flourish people must be capable of doing so. That means they must be in a position to flourish. That requires certain basic goods. Governments the world over (or over the world) must ensure that everyone has the goods they need in order to flourish. In this essay, (3) we will present a brief summary of the Sen/Nussbaum approach, offer some main points of criticism, and contrast their conception of human flourishing and politics with an alternative one. Out ultimate aim will be to show that they do not advance the cause of liberalism properly understood but actually retreat from it. Let us begin by considering the following argument, which we shall dub The Human Capabilities Argument. A) Politics is concerned with the promotion of human flourishing or well being. B) Human flourishing or well being consists in the development and/or use of certain human capabilities. C) A given capability, call it X, is an example of something necessary for human flourishing or well being. Therefore, this X must be politically secured. We think this argument successfully represents the central thrust of the Sen/Nussbaum view, and we use it to provide a framework for this essay. Premises A and B are obviously crucial. We will examine what Sen/Nussbaum say in defense of these premises. We will start with premise B and then consider A. I Regarding Premise B. What determines the relevant set of human capabilities whose development or use constitutes human flourishing or well-being? Neither Sen nor Nussbaum endorses a natural teleology (4) or a metaphysical realism (5) in answering this question. They rather seek to determine what capabilities are relevant to human flourishing by an appeal to our moral intuitions or sensibilities and to conventional discourse on this matter. Of course, this only raises the question of whose moral intuitions, sensibilities, or discourses are to be consulted and the further question of what is the basis for selection for inclusion into the set of relevant capabilities. Nussbaum does offer a list of human capabilities and arguments on its behalf. On the other hand, Sen refuses to do so because he is worried that it may be tremendously over-specified. (6) He is thus less interested in trying to provide an account of human nature to justify a list of relevant capabilities than Nussbaum and prefers to leave such a task to the public reasoning process of a deliberative democracy. We will begin with an examination of Sen's defense of premise B and then consider Nussbaum's. II Case of Amartya Sen and the Development of Capabilities. …" @default.
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• W280524004 date "2009-06-01" @default.
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• W280524004 title "Liberalism in Retreat" @default.
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