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- W2807473607 abstract "Direct numerical simulation of a turbulent boundary layer (TBL) subjected to a moderate adverse pressure gradient (APG, $unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}=1.45$ ) is performed to explore the contribution of large scales to the skin friction, where $unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ is the Clauser pressure gradient parameter. The Reynolds number based on the momentum thickness develops from $Re_{unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}approx 110$ to 6000 with an equilibrium region in $Re_{unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}=4000$ –5500. The spanwise wavelength ( $unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{z}$ ) spectra of the streamwise and spanwise velocity fluctuations show that the large-scale energy is significantly enhanced throughout the boundary layer. We quantify the superposition and amplitude modulation effects of these enhanced large scales on the skin friction coefficient ( $C_{f}$ ) by employing two approaches: (i) spanwise co-spectra of $langle vunicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{z}rangle$ and $langle -wunicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{y}rangle$ ; (ii) conditionally averaged $langle vunicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{z}rangle$ and $langle -wunicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{y}rangle$ . The velocity–vorticity correlations $langle vunicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{z}rangle$ and $langle -wunicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{y}rangle$ are related to the advective transport and the vortex stretching, respectively. Although $langle vunicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{z}rangle$ negatively contributes to $C_{f}$ , the positive contribution of the large scales ( $unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{z}>0.5unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ ) is observed in the co-spectra of weighted $langle vunicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{z}rangle$ . For the co-spectra of weighted $langle -wunicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{y}rangle$ , we observe an outer peak at $unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{z}approx 0.75unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ and the superposition of the large scales in the buffer region, leading to the enhancement of $C_{f}$ . The magnitude of $langle vunicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{z}rangle$ and $langle -wunicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{y}rangle$ depends on the large-scale streamwise velocity fluctuations ( $u_{L}$ ). In particular, the negative- $u_{L}$ events amplify $langle vunicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{z}rangle$ in the outer region, and $langle -wunicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{y}rangle$ is enhanced by the positive- $u_{L}$ events. As a result, the skin friction induced by $langle vunicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{z}rangle$ and $langle -wunicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{y}rangle$ increases in the present APG TBL." @default.
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- W2807473607 date "2018-06-01" @default.
- W2807473607 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
- W2807473607 title "Contribution of large-scale motions to the skin friction in a moderate adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer" @default.
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- W2807473607 doi "https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.347" @default.
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