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• W28080184 abstract "The skin’s role in human thermoregulation and comfort E. A R E N S and H. Z H A N G, University of California, Berkeley, USA Introduction This chapter is intended to explain those aspects of human thermal physiology, heat and moisture transfer from the skin surface, and human thermal comfort, that could be useful for designing clothing and other types of skin covering. Humans maintain their core temperatures within a small range, between 36 and 38°C. The skin is the major organ that controls heat and moisture flow to and from the surrounding environment. The human environment occurs naturally across very wide range of temperatures (100 K) and water vapor pressures (4.7 kPa), and in addition to this, solar radiation may impose heat loads of as much as 0.8 kW per square meter of exposed skin surface. The skin exercises its control of heat and moisture across a 14-fold range of metabolisms, from a person’s basal metabolism (seated at rest) to a trained bicycle racer at maximum exertion. The skin also contains thermal sensors that participate in the thermoregulatory control, and that affect the person’s thermal sensation and comfort. The body’s heat exchange mechanisms include sensible heat transfer at the skin surface (via conduction, convection, and radiation (long-wave and short-wave)), latent heat transfer (via moisture evaporating and diffusing through the skin, and through sweat evaporation on the surface), and sensible plus latent exchange via respiration from the lungs. Dripping of liquid sweat from the body or discharge of bodily fluids cause relatively small amounts of heat exchange, but exposure to rain and other liquids in the environment can cause high rates of heat loss and gain. Clothing is used outside the skin to extend the body’s range of thermoregulatory control and reduce the metabolic cost of thermoregulation. It reduces sensible heat transfer, while in most cases permitting evaporated moisture (latent heat) to escape. Some clothing resists rain penetration, both to prevent the rain from directly cooling the skin, and to prevent the loss of insulation effectiveness within the clothing. Wet clothing will have a higher heat transfer than dry: depending on design, it can range from almost no From Thermal and Moisture Transport in Fibrous Materials, edited by N. Pan and P. Gibson, 2006, with kind permission of Woodhead Publishing Limited" @default.
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• W28080184 date "2006-01-01" @default.
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• W28080184 title "The skin’s role in human thermoregulation and comfort" @default.
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• W28080184 doi "https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845692261.3.560" @default.
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