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• W2814367405 abstract "Natural environments and green spaces provide ecosystem services that enhance human health and well-being. They improve mental health, mitigate allergies and reduce all-cause, respiratory, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. The presence, accessibility, proximity and greenness of green spaces determine the magnitude of their positive health effects, but the role of biodiversity (including species and ecosystem diversity) within green spaces remains underexplored. This review describes mechanisms and evidence of effects of biodiversity in nature and green spaces on human health. We identified studies listed in PubMed and Web of Science using combinations of keywords including ‘biodiversity’, ‘diversity’, ‘species richness’, ‘human health’, ‘mental health’ and ‘well-being’ with no restrictions on the year of publication. Papers were considered for detailed evaluation if they were written in English and reported data on levels of biodiversity and health outcomes. There is evidence for positive associations between species diversity and well-being (psychological and physical) and between ecosystem diversity and immune system regulation. There is a very limited number of studies that relate measured biodiversity to human health. There is more evidence for self-reported psychological well-being than for well-defined clinical outcomes. High species diversity has been associated with both reduced and increased vector-borne disease risk. Biodiversity supports ecosystem services mitigating heat, noise and air pollution, which all mediate the positive health effects of green spaces, but direct and long-term health outcomes of species diversity have been insufficiently studied so far. Additional research and newly developed methods are needed to quantify short- and long-term health effects of exposure to perceived and objectively measured species diversity, including health effects of nature-based solutions and exposure to microbiota." @default.
• W2814367405 created "2018-07-19" @default.
• W2814367405 creator A5058846081 @default.
• W2814367405 creator A5077499636 @default.
• W2814367405 creator A5080195037 @default.
• W2814367405 date "2018-07-10" @default.
• W2814367405 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W2814367405 title "Biodiversity and human health: mechanisms and evidence of the positive health effects of diversity in nature and green spaces" @default.
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