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• W282745096 abstract "Federalism In recent years, commentators have remarked on the Rehnquist Court's commitment to principles federalism that mandate respect for state sovereignty by limiting federal interference with state policies. In retrospect then, the first major surprise last term came on May 27 in Nevada Department Human Resources v. Hibbs, No. 01-1368, when Chief Justice Rehnquist released his majority opinion bucking this trend and upholding the family-care provisions the Family and Medical Leave Act 1993. The family-care provisions that were at issue in Hibbs entitle eligible employees--including state government employees--to take up to twelve work weeks unpaid leave annually after the onset a serious health condition in an employee's spouse, child, or parent. The provisions also authorize private citizens to seek money damages against employers who interfere with, restrain, or deny the exercise of the citizen's rights under the Act. Recognizing that the Eleventh Amendment generally bars citizens from suing nonconsenting states, Congress invoked the Fourteenth Amendment's enforcement provision (Section 5), in support its effort to explicitly abrogate state sovereign immunity from suits brought on by state employees under the Family and Medical Leave Act. The question before the Supreme Court was whether this abrogation state sovereign immunity was permissible--and recent precedent and trends suggested that it might not be. For example, in Kimel v. Florida Bd. Regents, 528 U.S. 62 (2000), the Court (along with Chief Justice Rehnquist) upheld state sovereign immunity as a bar to plaintiffs who sought damages under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. Similarly, in Board Trustees Univ. Alabama v. Garrett, 531 U.S. 356 (2001), the Court (again with Rehnquist) lined up in support states that wished to block plaintiffs from seeking damages under the Americans with Disabilities Act. But to the surprise conservatives, Rehnquist said the Family and Medical Leave Act was different because it was enacted to counter the tendency state officials to make gender-based classifications based on mutually reinforcing stereotypes that only women are responsible for family caregiving and that men lack domestic responsibilities. Since it is more difficult for states to justify gender discrimination than age- or disability-based classifications, Rehnquist reasoned that Congress had succeeded in justifying the countermeasures it enacted in the Family and Medical Leave Act. Commentators disagree, however, as to whether Hibbs is just an exception or whether it marks the beginning the end a pro-states trend in federalism cases. Affirmative Action Next, the Rehnquist Court's resolution the affirmative action cases before it last term also surprised observers because, taken together, the two decisions by this conservative Court not only reassured educators that university admissions programs may take race into account, but clarified that universities have a governmental in promoting racial diversity among their students. One the two cases before the Court challenged the admissions program at the University Michigan's law school; the other asked the Court to strike down the program at the university's undergraduate school. Because courts must use strict scrutiny when reviewing officials' use race, it was clear that the programs would have to be struck down unless they could be shown to consist narrowly tailored measures that furthered governmental interests. Barbara Grutter, the white plaintiff in the law school case, Grutter v. Bollinger et al., No. 02-241, contended that the school had no compelling interest to justify its use race in making admissions decisions. Writing for a 5-4 majority, however, Justice O'Connor endorsed Justice Powell's view (expressed in Regents Univ. …" @default.
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• W282745096 date "2003-10-01" @default.
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• W282745096 title "Supreme Court Roundup: Where Will the Supreme Court Be Heading in the 2003 Term? before Looking for Patterns in the Cases the Court Has Decided to Review for the New Term That Began October 6, Perhaps We Can Draw Some Lessons from Five of the More Surprising Decisions Issued at the End of the Nearly Completed 2002 Term" @default.
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