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• W28314036 abstract "If we are to approach rehabilitation of memory-impaired patients in a systematicand efficacious way, then it is vital to know if the human memory system has thepropensity for plasticity in adulthood, the limiting factors on such plasticity, andthe timescales of any plastic change. This thesis was motivated by an attemptto develop a body of knowledge in relation to these questions. There is wideagreement that the hippocampus plays a key role in navigation and memoryacross species. Evidence from animal studies suggests that spatial memoryrelatedhippocampal volume changes and experience-related hippocampalneurogenesis takes place throughout the lifespan. Previous studies in humansindicated that expert navigators, licensed London taxi drivers, have differentpatterns of hippocampal grey matter volume relative to control participants. Inaddition, preliminary evidence also suggested there may be functionalconsequences associated with this grey matter pattern.Using licensed London taxi drivers as a model for learning and memory, thework undertaken centered on four key issues: (1) In a set of studies, Icharacterised the neuropsychological profile of licensed London taxi drivers indetail, which included devising a number of new table-top associational memorytests. This enabled me to assess the functional consequences of their expertiseand hippocampal grey matter pattern in greater depth than previous studies. (2)In order to explore the effects of taxi drivers’ expertise in more naturalisticsettings, I also examined how well they could learn the layout of an unfamiliartown compared with a group of non-taxi drivers, and how effectively taxi driverscould integrate a new district into their existing spatial representation of London.(3) I then conducted a study on experts whose knowledge was much less spatialthan taxi drivers in order to examine if the effects on hippocampal grey matterand neuropsychology were general or whether they were specific to the spatialdomain. (4) Given that previous taxi driver studies were cross-sectional, thequestion of whether the human hippocampus can exhibit spatial memory-relatedstructural plasticity in adulthood was uncertain. I therefore conducted alongitudinal study which assessed participants both pre and post taxi drivertraining using structural MRI and neuropsychological measures. This enabledme to investigate, within subjects, whether hippocampal volume changes can beacquired in response to intense spatial stimulation. In addition, I explored whether ceasing to be a taxi driver (i.e. retiring after many years on the job)resulted in ‘reverse’ plasticity.I found evidence for hippocampal plasticity within individuals as a result of theirintense acquisition of spatial knowledge over a number of years that wasassociated with qualifying to be a licensed London taxi driver, and preliminaryevidence of reverse plasticity when taxi drivers retire. This suggests thathippocampal structure and memory ability can be modified in response toenvironmental factors and are not necessarily hard-wired. However, my resultsalso provide some insights into the boundaries within which human memoryoperates, as I identified both positive and negative cognitive consequences ofbeing an expert navigator, and also established that the MRI andneuropsychology effects of expertise on the hippocampus may be restricted tothe spatial domain." @default.
• W28314036 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W28314036 creator A5012216176 @default.
• W28314036 date "2011-04-28" @default.
• W28314036 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W28314036 title "Plasticity in the human hippocampus" @default.
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