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• W283998035 abstract "Since the Latin American revolutions of the 1970s and 1980s, many former guerrilla participants have navigated their way into elected positions--Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua, Jose Mujica in Uruguay, and Alvaro Garcia Linera in Bolivia, just to name a few recent examples. (1) Dilma Rousseff, Brazil's current president, stands out among this list of leaders for her gender. (2) The public life of these politicians requires that there be an accounting for past involvement in armed insurrection: a narrative that enables their actions to be viewed as acceptable if not admirable. Interestingly, the narration of Rousseff's past as a resistance fighter has focused on her three-year imprisonment and torture; she denies any participation in armed action, including the 1969 armed robbery of the Sao Paulo governor's home with which she was previously associated. Her resistance is thus cast primarily in terms of her persecution rather than aggression. The potential for a positive narrative of past participation in violent revolution is frequently realized when the actor is male, but the corresponding female construction remains elusive. Almost ten years after the overthrow of the Somoza dictatorship, Nicaraguan writer Gioconda Belli reflected on women's recruitment and participation in the Sandinista movement with the publication of her first novel La mujer habitada (1988). Belli dedicates her novel to Nora Astorga, a fellow Sandinista comrade, and the text is inspired by Astorga's life as well as Belli's own participation in the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN)? The novel primarily narrates the political awakening of Lavinia Alarcon, an upper-class architect living in Faguas (a fictitious stand- in for Nicaragua) during a period of national instability, and her growing involvement with the Movimiento de Liberacion Nacional. Running parallel to her story is that of Itza, a sixteenth-century Indian guerrillera who fought during the Spanish conquest, and whose spirit comes to penetrate Lavinia's body by means of a glass of orange juice. The climax comes in the Movement's takeover of the home of General Vela, during which Lavinia shoots and is shot by the high ranking government official. Operation Eureka, as it is called in the text, has historical precedent in a 1974 FSLN assault for which Belli provided logistical support, (4) as well as in Nora Astorga's participation in the attempted kidnapping and ultimate killing of General Perez Vega in 1978. Belli's novel offers a feminist interpretation of women's participation in a revolution that successfully communicates women's desire to assert themselves as subjects. In particular, many critics have read Itza's inhabitation of Lavinia as an empowering force that connects the indigenous resistance during the Conquest with the modern struggle against the Somoza dictatorship. However, I argue that this inhabitation is also the source of incompletion in Belli's portrait: Itza's primacy excludes political violence from Lavinia's progressive agency. I begin my analysis by tracing Lavinia's participation in the revolution through her awakening to the collectivity, spirituality, and sacrifice inherent to the movement. This framework carries through to the final violent confrontation, which I use to argue that the novel's depiction of Lavinia's involvement in political militancy ultimately casts her as a sacrificial soldier, one who is willing to give her life for a new imagined nation, while displacing the violence of her revolution onto a mythical racialized historical figure--Itza. This split reveals the persistent difficulty in the conceptualization of a woman who commits political violence, an area I continue to examine through the parallel story of Nora Astorga. The historical actions of Astorga spawn constructed narratives, contemporary and subsequent to the conflict, that alternately cast her as a treacherous woman, a pawn, a femme fatale, a symbol of the resistance, and harbinger of the corruption of the nation. …" @default.
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• W283998035 date "2014-05-01" @default.
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• W283998035 title "To Kill a General: The Fragmentation of Women’s Political Violence in Fiction and Journalism" @default.
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