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• W284036699 abstract "ABSTRACT: This article explores the impact of infant death on cultural perceptions of infancy. It employs a case study of the Cree-Ojibwa community of Fisher River, Manitoba in the early twentieth century to illustrate how a high risk of infant death can delay the point at which personhood is conferred on an infant. Further to this, the concept of infancy among the Aboriginal community is contrasted with wider Euro-Canadian values concerning the infant mortality rate. Differing cultural perceptions surrounding infant death provided the Canadian Government with rationale to contest Aboriginal autonomy over child welfare. INTRODUCTION Infant death is one of many biological phenomena which human beings mediate through cultural systems. Jordan (1993, p. 3) considers childbirth to be a phenomenon that is produced jointly and reflexively by (universal) biology and (particular) Similarly, although infant mortality is ubiquitous, its interpretation and treatment varies from one cultural group to another. Hence, it is an appropriate subject for anthropological inquiry. Infant mortality, and more precisely the infant mortality rate1, is also investigated by epidemiologists and public health workers. Since the infant mortality rate is cited as a good indicator of the socioeconomic status of a community and the quality of its health care (Klein, 1980, p. 1021), a high infant mortality rate in a population sets off warning bells about its health status. One such example of this occurs in Canada, where presently the infant mortality rate for Registered Indians is approximately two to three times the national Canadian rate (Muir, 1991; Pekeles, 1988). The disparity in the infant mortality rate between Aboriginal and other ethnic groups in Canada is thought to be long-standing; yet, little is known about its antecedents. Although the Canadian Government began collecting vital statistics for Aboriginals in Canada at the turn of the century, records prior to the 1960s have been deemed inaccurate (Romaniuk and Piche, 1972; Latulippe-Sakamoto, 1971). In an attempt to fill this lacuna, Latulippe-Sakamoto (1971) corrected data from the Department of Indian Affairs to estimate the progress of the national Canadian Indian infant mortality rate from 1925 to the 1960s. She depicted a steady descent in the infant mortality rate with a marked drop after the 1940s, which she attributed to a decline in infectious disease due to the post-W.W.II initiation of social assistance and medical care for registered Indians. This paper is based on a community-level study of infant mortality in the Aboriginal community of Fisher River, Manitoba prior to W.W.II (1910-1939). There are only a few sources of Aboriginal vital statistics available for this period (cf. Herring, Driben and Sawchuk, 1983; Hurlich, 1983; Roth, 1981); this study utilizes infant deaths and baptisms derived from Methodist parish records registered at Fisher River, Manitoba2. However, I wish to go beyond the intent of the original study-to investigate the antecedents of a high Aboriginal infant mortality rate-and explore something even less well understood, that is, the perceptions of infant death both within Aboriginal communities and the wider Canadian society. In the last three centuries the massive transition in the mortality pattern in the West has rendered major social transformations in the way we view life and death (Imhof, 1985). In an analogous fashion, changes in the rate of infant mortality have affected attitudes towards infancy. Employing the community of Fisher River, Manitoba as a case study, the following article explores the means through which a high rate of infant mortality, on the one hand, influenced an Aboriginal community's view of infancy, and on the other hand, provided a means through which the Canadian Government could contest the autonomy of Aboriginal peoples. FISHER RIVER, MANITOBA: THE COMMUNITY AND THE PEOPLE Fisher River is located near the mouth of the Fisher River on the west side of Lake Winnipeg, approximately 200 km north of the province's capital city, Winnipeg (Figure 1). …" @default.
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• W284036699 title "Infant Mortality and Cultural Concepts of Infancy: A Case Study from an Early Twentieth Century Aboriginal Community" @default.
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