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• W284833571 abstract "INTRODUCTION As global transportation efficiencies increase, and as governments of an increasing number of nations espouse programs of free-trade, issues and theories related to international competition are receiving greater attention from both academics and policy makers. Central to these issues of international trade are the processes and potential effects of regional and global market integration. As a phenomenon where businesses in local, competitively isolated markets are pushed into rivalry with numerous new firms within larger, unified theaters of competition, market integration poses threats and opportunities which are critical to both individual organizations and national economies. As a dominant foundation for thought and analysis in the study of competition, organization ecology employs a metaphor which draws parallels between a firm's battle for market survival and an organism's struggle for ecological existence (Carroll, 1988; Hannan and Freeman, 1977; Morgan, 1986). Despite the notable popularity of the organization ecology perspective, however, the theories and models utilized in this metaphor are largely inadequate for accommodating or explaining the processes or consequences of market integration. This is because the primary focus of ecology is upon the complex relationships among individual life and the specific interactions between these life and the environment within which they exist (Odum, 1971). In other words, the focus of ecology tends to be upon inter-organismic relationships and processes within a specific environmental context. Yet the process of market integration implies an evolutionary transition from one form of environment to another, radically different setting. As such, market integration unfolds within the context of environmental flux and transformation. As a result, ecological models, as applied in the study of organizations, are relatively ineffective for analyzing or predicting the effects of market integration. Fortunately, a related body of knowledge in the natural sciences known as biogeography specifically concerns the study of environmental dynamics within an ecological setting. As a result, biogeography yields models which are highly appropriate for the study of environmental change in organizational contexts. The purpose of this investigation is to demonstrate and clarify the explicit parallels between some of the of environmental change studied by biogeographers and the processes of regional market integration which occur in economic environments. These parallels will be shown to yield useful perspectives regarding the consequences of market integration and unique implications for competitive analysis. THE ORGANIZATION ECOLOGY PERSPECTIVE The Population Ecology or Organization Ecology school of theory has been extensively developed within the management and organizational literature, and provides unique models and interpretations of inter-organizational dynamics. Specifically, the perspective yielded by the organization ecology paradigm has been regularly applied in the analysis of inter-organizational competition. In brief, organization ecology represents a metaphorical comparison between organizations operating within a given industry or economy and biological organisms which strive for survival within a specific ecological community or environment. Generally, the organization ecology metaphor also suggests that biological species or populations can be conceptually equated with organizational forms (Morgan, 1986; Ulrich and Barney, 1984). This ecological metaphor is then applied in order to make and test hypotheses about the interactions among organizations, populations, and communities, and between these entities and the economic environment (Carroll, 1988). As noted above, the organization ecology perspective has been frequently employed to study the issues of market structure and competitive dynamics within industries. …" @default.
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• W284833571 title "Regional Integration and Competition from a Biogeographic Perspective: An Extension and Elaboration of Organization Ecology" @default.
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