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• W28490129 abstract "There may be a Kazakh majority not because of [Nazarbayev's] attempts to create a Kazakh but because of Kazakhstan's desperate economic conditions. Echoing the Kazakh flight during Soviet collectivization, many Kazakhs appear to have left along with the Slavs to look for jobs. ********** Kazakhstan achieved independence through administrative means that transformed its last Communist Party first secretary, Nursultan Nazarbayev, into the president of Kazakhstan, a position he has retained through at least two national elections that have lacked the imprimatur of free and fair by international monitoring groups such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). To maintain his legitimacy, Nazarbayev has championed himself as uniquely qualified to prevent conflict between the dominant nationalities of Kazakhstan, broadly interpreted to mean Kazakh and Slavic. More important, he has attempted to establish Kazakhstan as an ethnic homeland, providing incentives for Kazakhs abroad to return to the country. However, to assert himself as head of a Kazakh state, Nazarbayev has needed the majority of Kazakhstan's population to be, in fact, Kazakh. According to the results of the 1999 census, Nazarbayev got his wish. In 1992 and 1993, there were reports of great migrations northward to Russia. These were accompanied by yearly estimates of the major groups' population percentages, which incrementally showed Kazakhs becoming the majority around 1996 or 1997. Why did this happen? The dramatic and ongoing emigration of Russians and other peoples is hard to deny (see Table 1), but it is possible that Kazakhs are also leaving the country--undermining Nazarbayev's desire to establish Kazakhstan as an homeland and threatening his efforts to strengthen its authority. It also could be, however, that the results of the 1999 census are themselves inaccurate, and the census was manipulated to serve Nazarbayev's political agenda. On the other hand, international and domestic pressure for accurate census results may have limited the regime's ability to skew the numbers in its favor. Complicating matters still further, this tension between politics and accuracy was played out in a country where censuses are--and historically have been--extremely difficult to conduct. Nazarbayev's first official census since the breakup of the Soviet Union is the latest episode in a long history of difficulties with censuses. The 1999 census places Kazakhstan's population at 14,953,126, a drop of almost 1.25 million people from the Soviet census of 1989 (see Table 2). The Kazakh population has grown by about 1.5 million, an increase of 22.9 percent. Kazakhs now represent 53.4 percent of the total population, up from 40.1 percent in 1989. Meanwhile, the Russian population has fallen to only 29.96 percent of the total population; combined with other Europeans, the total reaches only 37.05 percent of the population total. This sharp realignment of population and ethnicity seemingly is related to two processes: an increase in the number of Kazakhs and Slavic emigration. ORGANIZATION AND PLANNING A census provides an important check of both vital statistics and population registration systems. Both were severely strained by the Slavic emigration because Slavic peoples dominated the statistical administrations in all republics of the former Soviet Union (FSU). The census was intended to provide a strong degree of continuity with the previous census when it was initially approved on 3 April 1995 by the Council of Ministers. At that time, they envisioned continued contact and some coordination of census development with Russia's State Committee for Statistics, Goskomstat, in Moscow. Even in the development stages, the census was seen as a political and economic tool. The State Committee for Statistics in Kazakhstan was to take the lead role in organizing, administering and processing the census, but the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare was involved in the development of census labor classifications, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs expressed interest in the development of the migration questions as well as citizenship issues. …" @default.
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• W28490129 date "2003-03-22" @default.
• W28490129 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W28490129 title "Population Politics in Kazakhstan. (Pressing Issues)" @default.
• W28490129 hasPublicationYear "2003" @default.
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