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- W2860877536 abstract "This chapter reviews current knowledge of the permanent and induced magnetizations of terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks and minerals. The emphasis is on recent developments and on aspects of rock magnetism that are most useful in magnetic anomaly interpretation and paleomagnetism. Beginning with atomic scale magnetism (diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, ferrimagnetism) and magnetic anisotropies (magnetocrystalline, magnetoelastic), we show how nanometer-scale magnetic domains develop in response to self-demagnetization. The very different responses of magnetic crystals subdivided into domains (multidomain or MD grains) and smaller crystals that resist such subdivision (single-domain or SD grains) to magnetic fields, temperature, and time are all important in paleomagnetism. SD grains are capable of preserving a record of the ancient magnetic field of the Earth and other planets that is stable throughout geological time while MD grains preserve a much inferior record or no record at all. The grain size that separates SD from MD behavior varies from mineral to mineral, being smallest in strongly magnetic minerals like iron and magnetite and largest in weakly magnetic minerals like hematite. Magnetic stability, both short term and long term, is much affected by temperature and many important phenomena, for example, blocking of stable remanent magnetization and the Hopkinson peak in induced magnetization, occur just below the Curie temperature, which also varies from one mineral to another. We show that fundamental principles underlie standard paleomagnetic ‘cleaning’ techniques and laboratory stability tests, as well as the best methods of determining paleomagnetic field direction and intensity. Next we review the latest developments in knowledge about the basic processes by which igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks are magnetized and partially remagnetized in nature. These include thermoremanent, viscous, thermoviscous, chemical and depositional/postdepositional magnetizations. Finally we summarize our current knowledge and major unsolved problems for the future." @default.
- W2860877536 created "2018-07-19" @default.
- W2860877536 creator A5027016066 @default.
- W2860877536 creator A5085257858 @default.
- W2860877536 date "2007-01-01" @default.
- W2860877536 modified "2023-09-30" @default.
- W2860877536 title "Magnetizations in Rocks and Minerals" @default.
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