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• W286450051 abstract "All this was lost on Alice, who was still looking intently along the road, shading her eyes with one hand. I see somebody now! she exclaimed at last. But he's coming very slowly--and what curious attitudes he goes into! (For the Messenger kept skipping up and down and wriggling like an eel as he came along, with his great hands spread out like fans on either side). Not at all said the King. s an Anglo-Saxon Messenger--and those are Anglo-Saxon attitudes. He only does them when he s happy. His name is Haigha. (He pronounced it to rhyme with 'mayor). Lewis Carroll (1871), Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There, Chapter 7 BACKGROUND CONSIDERATIONS Within many contemporary democracies throughout the world, criminal justice systems display symptoms of crisis: that of England and Wales is no exception, although the extent of its particular malaise is wider and deeper than that of many other countries. All too frequently, and such is certainly the case in England and Wales, these 'systems are distinctly un-systematic, rather more resembling collectives of state or regional functions tasked with the maintenance of public order and security, but without a common purpose at the core of their activities. The crises may have different points of origin--historical, cultural, fiscal, political, socio-economic--singly or more frequently in combination, but both the crises and the symptoms display a marked extent of commonality. In a presentational sense these crises are most frequently of 'numbers (1), of political ideology (2), of conditions (3), and ultimately, therefore, of 'legitimacy (4) (see, for example, Cavadino and Dignan, 1997; Fitzgerald and Sim, 1982) (5). The term 'corrections ' within criminal justice has attracted a usage that is widely understood to encompass both the systemic characteristics of the agencies employed by governments to control crime and reduce re-offending, and also the processes by which these purposes are implemented. Thus the crises may be either of a structural origin or of an operational nature, and the most severe of these crises may be said to display symptoms of both. Criminal justice agencies in England and Wales presently face both a structural crisis of a 'top-down nature and an operational crisis of a 'bottom-up one. The structural crisis resides in the evident uncertainty within the incumbent Coalition government (6) over the ultimate direction of criminal justice policy, particularly in relation to the judiciary and sentencing in an era of fiscal retrenchment and a prison population threatening to overspill total accommodation levels without overcrowding. From a 'bottom-up perspective, at an average daily level of more than 85,000 inmates, the present prison population remains at or around the absolute maximum level of occupancy permitted, bearing in mind the differing accommodation needs of male and females, and of different classes of prisoners (e.g. convicted and un-convicted or un-sentenced). Occupancy levels also have to take into account prisoners on temporary release on parole or under Home Detention Curfew conditions, and who are liable to immediate recall to custody in the event of breaching the conditions of their release or committing further offences. Remarkably, this 'bottom-up crisis has occurred during a period of years (since 1991) during which there has been an overall 11.6% reduction in the number of persons found guilty of offences by the courts, and, in particular, a 9.3% reduction in the number found guilty of indictable offences by the Crown Courts. (7) However, during the same period there has occurred a 14% increase (from 8.1 to 9.3 months) in the average time served in prison by those released from determinate (fixed term) sentences, and a 50% increase in the proportion of persons serving indeterminate sentences (life or imprisonment for public protection--IPP). In addition, there has also become evident an increase in the average time spent in custody by those serving mandatory life sentences from 13 years in 1999 to 17. …" @default.
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• W286450051 date "2012-01-01" @default.
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• W286450051 title "The Need for Correctional Logic: Are Punishment and Restoration Mutually Exclusive Imperatives in Criminal Justice?" @default.
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