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• W28696186 abstract "Abstract: Under the pressure of a repressive government, Anabaptists captured in Bernese territories during the last half of the sixteenth century were forced either to recant or accept exile. Rather than lose their livelihoods, impoverish their families and face the uncertain future of exile, many dissenters responded to severe pressure by compromising with authorities, placing their survival and that of their families above their religious convictions. Counteracting this, however, was the potential loss of religious faith with the corresponding spiritual pollution of the conscience and the recognition of dire eschatological consequences. Pragmatism thus dictated a response somewhere between the two pressure points of a humiliating survival or a ruinous exile. (1) This article examines how Anabaptists in Bern struggled to survive, and their tactics and countermeasures they employed if caught. ********** Anabaptists and other religious minorities in Bern during the early modern era had the full machinery of the state focused against them. From 1527--when Bern joined with the cantons of Zurich and St. Gall to issue a mandate threatening Anabaptists with death by drowning--through the middle of the eighteenth century, Bernese authorities made repeated efforts to rid their land of the Anabaptist plague. The tactics they employed in this effort ranged widely, including persuasion, threats, fines, imprisonment, torture, confiscation of property, banishment and even capital punishment. Anabaptist survival in Bern thus demanded both the exercise of extreme caution and flexibility in their patterns of faith and life. By the late sixteenth century a general pattern of dissimulation had emerged among the Anabaptists as a form of religious dissent that attempted to mask differences from the state religion by offering outward conformity while maintaining reservations in the face of the external pressures. Although clearly a threat to religious orthodoxy, dissimulation or lay casuistry became a common response against the force used to impose a monolithic religious culture. This practice was justified--consciously by some, implicitly by others--on the basis of the biblical example of Nicodemus, the Pharisee and secret disciple of Christ who kept his faith hidden in order to preserve his public standing in the Jewish community. (2) Denounced vehemently by Calvin, the practice of Nicodemism appears to have been more common than standard depictions of the Reformation and Counter Reformation might suggest. In Ways of Lying: Dissimulation, Persecution and Conformity in Early Modern Europe, historian Perez Zagorin has convincingly called for a reappraisal of the widely held assumption that outward conformity to religious practices can be understood as genuine commitment on the part of the believer. (3) Dissimulation, he argues, was a significant reality in the culture of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe, to be found wherever religious minorities struggled for survival within a dominant culture of orthodoxy. The Nicodemist or casuistic dissent in early modern Europe generally conformed to a series of common rules of behavior. One obvious principle was the search for a balance between adherence to steadfast principles and the spiritual pollution of conformity in the face of threat. In order to survive, the Nicodemite bent with the wind but did not go farther than was absolutely necessary to avoid repression. This frequently involved a series of steps that could range from evading awkward questions to falsely professing beliefs while holding mental reservations. Responding to the needs of his beleaguered parishioners in Catholic Austria, for example, the Lutheran pastor of Ortenburg offered a rare codification of these rules in the middle of the eighteenth century. Although tailored specifically for crypto-Protestants in Catholic territory, and representing a subversion of Catholic rites and confessional identity, similar rules could have also applied for underground Anabaptists. …" @default.
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• W28696186 date "2001-10-01" @default.
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• W28696186 title "Lay casuistry and the survival of later Anabaptists in Bern" @default.
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