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• W2876776741 startingPage "2000" @default.
• W2876776741 abstract "Immune checkpoints are several co-stimulatory and inhibitory pathways that regulate T cell immune responses. Most of the discoveries about immune checkpoints were made in cancer research where inhibitory immune checkpoints cause immune exhaustion and down-regulate anti-tumor responses. In addition to cancer, immune checkpoints are exploited in chronic infectious diseases. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the immune checkpoint molecule called programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) has been determined as being a major regulatory factor for T cell exhaustion. Recent studies with antibodies blocking either PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) or PD-1 show not only promising results in the enhancement of HIV-specific immune responses but even in reducing the latent HIV reservoir. Apart from the therapeutic target for a functional cure of HIV-1, immune checkpoint molecules might be used as biomarkers for monitoring disease progression and therapeutic response. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules PD-1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing-3 (TIM3) as well as the co-stimulatory molecules CD40L and CD70, including their role in immunity, with a particular focus on HIV infection, and being potential targets for a functional HIV cure." @default.
• W2876776741 created "2018-07-19" @default.
• W2876776741 creator A5047685213 @default.
• W2876776741 creator A5048751044 @default.
• W2876776741 creator A5053300883 @default.
• W2876776741 date "2018-07-09" @default.
• W2876776741 modified "2023-10-13" @default.
• W2876776741 title "Immune Checkpoints as the Immune System Regulators and Potential Biomarkers in HIV-1 Infection" @default.
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• W2876776741 doi "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19072000" @default.
• W2876776741 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6073446" @default.
• W2876776741 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29987244" @default.
• W2876776741 hasPublicationYear "2018" @default.
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