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• W288293459 abstract "Retail wheeling and direct access is not going to be as simple as selecting a long distance provider for telephone service. The electric utility industry has technical requirements that will make retail wheeling more complex than consumers imagine. The long distance provider does not require a schedule of when calls are to be made and the length of the call. Electric utilities will require consumers to schedule capacity and energy purchases to operate their generating equipment. Most of these requirements stem from technical considerations of reliability and operation of generation and transmission facilities. This article discusses these operating limitations and the complexities of wheeling power from one utility system to another system's customer. Technical Aspects of Operating an Interconnected System Retail wheeling by definition will allow a customer of one utility to contract for energy generated by another utility and transmitted to him through the lines of his native utility. This sounds pretty straightforward. The ability to transmit electricity from one utility into the service terfitory of another is vital to retail wheeling. The technical aspects of delivering energy from one system to another involves operating the generating equipment of the local utility so power from the other utility's generator will flow into the local utility's system to be delivered to the customer. What actually must happen is one utility must generate a little less power by the amount the direct access customer is purchasing from the off-system supplier. One utility must operate its generating equipment in a manner that will allow power to flow from another generating facility in the amount of power requested by the customer. The following analogy may enhance understanding of operating an interconnected utility system. Consider two aquariums (A and B) connected by a single pipe at the water's surface of each aquarium (Fig. 1). Each aquarium represents the native control areas of each utility and the pipe between them represents a transmission line for joining the two systems. Assume that each aquarium has a pump that pumps water into each aquarium, equivalent to a generator for each utility. From each aquarium there are several small tubes that supply water to jars placed below the aquariums. Under balanced conditions, the water level of each aquarium is identical and no water flows between the connecting pipes. Each aquarium's pump must supply the exact amount of water that is flowing to the jars connected to each aquarium. This is equivalent to two utilities whose generation is supplying its native load and there is no power flow from one system to the other. If one of the jars (consumer) served from aquarium B now contracts with aquarium A to supply the water, we have a situation analogous to wheeling by aquarium B (Fig. 2). Under these conditions, there must be water flow in the pipe from aquarium A to aquarium B. To accommodate this flow, the pump supplying water to aquarium B must reduce the amount of water pumped, while the pump supplying water to aquarium A must increase the arnount of water pumped. For the water level to remain at the same level in both aquariums, the pumps must be adjusted to equal the exact amount of the water flowing into the jar connected to aquarium B but now receiving water that is pumped into aquarium A. Thus, both pumps must operate with knowledge of what the direct access customer is requiring from the supplying system. The trick is to know how much generation is needed to flow to the customer at any instant in time. This is where real-time metefing may be required to transmit the customer's demand requirement to both the generating and wheeling utilities. The next technical problem is the minimum amount of load that generating equipment can respond to. Thus, most retail wheeling proposals will have a minimum threshold fot the amount of capacity that can be dispatched into a utility system. …" @default.
• W288293459 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W288293459 date "1996-09-22" @default.
• W288293459 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W288293459 title "Direct Access and Retail Wheeling: What It May Mean to Consumers" @default.
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