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- W2883984389 abstract "188 Comparative Drama that personal insufficiency. The great failure of all self-appointed pro phets in Ibsen is always, on the most private and individual level, the inability to enact their projects as living realities in friendship, marriage or in familial relationships with children, parents and siblings” (p. 60). One feels that Borkman is brought to judgment, here, before a pharisaic gathering of bourgeois families indignant that he remain “morally unre generate” (p. 61) rather than acknowledge the higher worth of the nuclear family. Yet, Ibsen as a sturdy defender of maturity, responsibility and even motherhood (p. 144) is so extraordinary an inversion of the old rebel and anarchist as actually to be refreshing. The best books are not those with which one is in easy agreement, but those which instigate fresh thinking on one’s own part. We may quarrel with Durbach’s claim that Ibsen replaces audacious Romanticism with cautious Romanticism, but those of us who insist that Ibsen stands behind the gestures of even his most alarming protagonists, or at the least remains morally neutral, will have to face up to many of Durbach’s animadversions against what these characters represent. Only another form of “barbaric” poetry would celebrate the amoral: but the tragic vision transcends all par ticular moralities, sees their relativity from the plane of speculative reason as it struggles to apprehend the human condition under the eye of eternity. BRIAN JOHNSON B eiru t U n iversity C ollege Shakespeare S u rvey 34: C h aracterization in Shakespeare. Ed. Stanley W. Wells. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. Pp. ix + 204. $39.50. In “The Emergence of Character Criticism, 1774-1800,” Brian Vickers considers a group of pre-Romantic Shakespearean critics who found that Shakespeare’s characters do in fact meet a standard which Shakespeare’s earlier, neo-Classic detractors felt he did not meet. That standard was that each character be consistent and serve a clear moral purpose. Better represented, says Vickers, by Henry MacKenzie and William Richardson than by Maurice Morgann (who is better known for his Falstaff essay), this group of critics mediated neo-Classic criticism and Romantic criticism by showing that supposed inconsistencies in the characters were really revelations of deep psychological traits. If the late eighteenth-century measure of success in Shakespearean characterization was psychological consistency, late twentieth-century criticism, as reflected in the present volume, appears to emphasize incon sistency. Most of the critics in this volume find Shakespeare’s genius in characterization evident chiefly in the fact that what his characters do and say can n o t be fully explained, that there are many contradictions to be found which defy explanation even while our sense of the whole ness of these characters grows deeper with each exposure to the plays. Further, today’s character critics, as represented here, find the moral sense that underlies the plays also often inexplicable. If Shakespeare is a Reviews 189 moral dramatist, and few would question that he is, his morality is of a piece with the characters he creates. Kenneth Muir’s lead article, “Shakespeare’s Open Secret,” fittingly re-asserts the value of A. C. Bradley in assessing Shakespeare’s characters, except that Bradley too often, says Muir, “made the mistake of consid ering what happened off-stage or before the beginning of the action,” and was insufficiently concerned with important historical ideas and phenomena which may have shaped the plays. Muir feels that we need to consider Shakespeare’s characterization as we do characterization in Racine, Molière, Chekhov, or Ibsen. Shakespeare, “like them, creates credible characters by the actions they are made to perform, by what they say about themselves and others, by what other characters, friends and enemies, say about them, by the speech patterns they use, even by their silences.” “Conflicting impressions,” Muir concludes, “are the means by which we are convinced that the characters are real, not real people, but startlingly natural.” Robert Weimann, in an essay entitled “Society and the Individual in Shakespeare’s Conception of Character,” cogently provides a corollary to Muir by observing that Shakespeare’s characters are known simul taneously by “identity,” the being each assumes quite apart from the..." @default.
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- W2883984389 title "Shakespeare Survey 34: Characterization in Shakespeare ed. by Stanley W. Wells" @default.
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