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- W2884394003 abstract "A techno-economic scenario analysis is done for fully renewable energy and transport systems in two smart urban areas in Europe (Hamburg and Murcia). Both city areas are reliant on wind and solar electricity, and use Battery Electric Vehicle(s) (BEV) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle(s) (FCEV) as backup electricity plants. The energy systems include fully electric energy consumption of buildings and road transport in both the residential and services sector, for two scenarios: the near future (2020) and mid century scenario (2050). Surplus electricity from the grid is stored in BEVs or converted into hydrogen which can be stored seasonally in a nearby salt cavern. Deficits of electricity on the grid are covered by Vehicle to Grid (V2G) service of either BEVs or FCEVs via re-electrication of the hydrogen on board. Hydrogen is used as an energy carrier, seasonal energy storage and transport fuel. Four cases are compared with respect to Total System Cost(s) (TSC) and reliability in a case study. Three cases have solar electricity directly coupled to the building load while all wind electricity is converted to hydrogen. The first case uses only FCEVs in the transport sector and in V2G mode, the second case uses a 50-50 BEV-FCEV passenger car mix, which is the ambition of many European governments, and in the third case a TSC optimization is done to find the cost-optimal BEV-FCEV mix in the two cities. In the fourth case, both the wind and solar electricity are directly coupled to the building load through a full wind site grid connection. A cost-optimal electricity production mix, and a new cost-optimal BEV-FCEV mix are found. By using only solar and wind electricity production, seasonal storage in the form of hydrogen and passenger cars as backup-plants, the balance in energy supply and demand in both cities can be obtained. In the near future scenario, no signicant reduction in TSC was found by increasing the share of BEVs for all cases. In the mid century scenario, warm and high solar radiation areas are more cost effective with higher shares of BEVs, while low solar irradiation areas are more cost effective with lower shares of BEVs. When the wind site is connected to the grid, the renewable electricity production mix in Hamburg is more cost-effective with wind electricity dominant, in Murcia with solar electricity dominant. The case of wind and solar directly coupled to the building load is economically favourable in both cities (excluding grid expansion and connection costs), with System Levelised Cost of Electricity (SLCoE) of 0.063€/kWh in Hamburg and 0.041€/kWh in Murcia." @default.
- W2884394003 created "2018-08-03" @default.
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- W2884394003 date "2018-01-01" @default.
- W2884394003 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W2884394003 title "Fuel Cell and Battery Electric Vehicles as power plants: a techno-economic scenario analysis in two climates for smart cities" @default.
- W2884394003 hasPublicationYear "2018" @default.
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