FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W288446961> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W288446961 endingPage "420" @default.
• W288446961 startingPage "401" @default.
• W288446961 abstract "?he term means many things to many people and we do not know how to measure it. Baseline standards for conducting a physical examination of a stand of trees do not exist. One factor that can be considered when making judgments about the health of a particular forest rree species is change in the relative stocking of that species, that is the extent to which the species is gaining or losing ground in its ecosystem. The forest survey unit at the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station is using remeasured forest inventory plot data to estimate current average annual change in the relative stocking of common forest tree species in the Northeast. Spatial shifts in the relative stocking of individual species are being mapped. The procedure can be readily extended to other species in other regions. Information on shifts in relative stocking can provide a symptomatic guide to recognizing problems of forest health, and it gives us a better understanding of the complex workings of a dynamic ecosystem. INTRODUCTION The health of our Nation's forests has become a major issue. Unfortunately, the term health is vague. It means many things to many people and we do not know how to measure it. Baseline standards for conducting a physical examination of a stand of trees do not exist. m e Northeastern Forest Experiment Station's Forest Health Monitoring Program and other organizations are working on how to assess the dimensions of forest ecosystem health and how to analyze and report health trends. Until clearly defined baseline standards are developed, one factor that can be considered when making judgments about the health of a particular forest tree species is change in the relative stocking of that species, that is, the extent to which the species is gaining or losing ground in its ecosystem. This we can measure with the help of forest inventory plot records. STOCKING AS A MEASURE OF SITE OCCUPANCY Stocking is another term that means different things to different people. In this application, it is a measure of the extent to which trees utilize a plot of forest land. Stocking is expressed as a function of the number, size, and basal area of trees. Formulae for calculating stocking levels have been developed for a number of individual species. For example, the equation we use for sugar maple is : s = . 0 0 6 9 4 @ ~ ~ ) ' ' ~ ~ , which was obtained by rranslating the treearea ratio developed by Stout and Nyland (1986) to a power function of diameter. Solving this equation for one m e on an acre of forest land tells us how much that tree contributes to stocking on the acre. When a stocking formula is not available for a particular species, the formula for a species with similar characteristics of growth and competitiveness is used. 'Resource Analysts, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 5 Radnor Corporate Center STE 200, PO Box 6775, Radnor, PA 19087-8775. -401 10th Central Hardwood Forest Conference ESTIMATING CHANGE IN RELATIVE STOCKING Stocking equations can be applied to remeasured forest inventory plot data to estimate the average annual change in relative stocking (RS) for any tree species on any acre. The following example demonstrates the process. Sugar maple All species The relative stocking of sugar maple on the acre for 1978 was 16/64 = 25%. The relative stocking of sugar maple for 1989 was 18/90 = 20%. The average annual change in relative stocking for sugar maple on the acre is: [RS(1989) RS(1978)lNears between inventories or (20-25)/11 = 0.45% per year Note, that even though the absolute stocking of sugar maple increased on this acre, the change in its relative stocking was negative. In other words, in a relative sense, sugar maple was losing ground to other species between inventories. The USDA Forest Service updates timber-resource information statewide approximately every 10 years. For land that remains in forest, remeasured plot records provide a history of change in the inventory of all live trees 5 inches and larger in d.b.h. By design, each inventory plot represents a proportional share of the forest area in a state; so, appropriate weights can be assigned to plot data to derive statewide and regional averages of current annual change in relative stocking for individual species. We applied this procedure to Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia where a network of approximately 6,000 permanent inventory plots were remeasured during the most recent inventories in each state (Alerich 1990, Erieswyk and DiGiovanni 1988, Griffith et al. 1993, Alerich 1993, and DiGiovani 1990). OVERALL STOCKING IS UP At the time of the most recent forest inventories, the stocking of all live trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger per acre of forest land averaged about 59 percent in the five-state area (Table 1). At the time of previous inventories, stocking averaged only 5 1 percent. Obviously, growth on original trees plus ingrowth of new trees into the 5.0-inch size class more than offset losses to cutting and mortality between inventories. Stocking has increased an average of at least one percent per year in each of the five states. 10th Central Hardwood Forest Conference 402 Avslats Previous ---------Miximaa Percent ----------A2lawm Kentucky 44.4 52.2 7.8 (18) Maryland 54.2 59.5 5.3 (10) Ohio 43.0 52.3 9.3 (21) Pennsylvania 57.3 63.4 6.1 (11) West Virginia 54.8 65.3 S All States 51.3 59.3 8.0 (15) All but a few forest inventory subunits of the five-state area recorded healthy increases in average stocking (Figure 1). One of the exceptions was south-central Pennsylvania where gypsy moth defoliation, drought, cutting, bark beetles, root rot, deer browsing, and other agents took a heavy toll on the oak resource during the 1980's. Growth of residual oaks, maple, black gum, yellow-poplar, cherry, and other species counter balanced the oak loss. But, gains in average stocking for all species combined remained minimal. On the lower Eastern Shore of Maryland, declines in the relative stocking of oak were offset by increases in loblolly pine, red maple, black gum, beech, and other hardwoods. Thus, average stocking there remained about the same. MAPLES AND YELLOW-POPLAR GAIN WHILE BLACK LOCUST AND OAKS LOSE GROUND Red maple is a pioneer species--a shade tolerant, prolific seeder and sprouter that can occupy a wide variety of forest sites. So, it is no wonder that red maple has recorded significant gains in relative stocking throughout the five-state area (Figures 2-7). Overall, the annual gain in relative stocking of red maple averaged 0.31 percent between inventories. There has been much recent concern over the demise of sugar maple. Not too long ago (1217186) an article in the New York Times suggested that sugar maple was becoming extinct because of damage from acid rain. Such news prompted establishment of The North American Maple Project and the installation of plots to measure annual trends in the condition of this valuable hardwood species. It is too soon to draw conclusions from that study. But, our analysis indicates that, on the whole, sugar maple is doing quite well. In terms of gaining ground, it ranks right behind red maple. Substantial increases in the relative stocking of sugar maple were recorded in all five states. Another prevalent species that made significant regional gains in relative stocking was yellow-poplar. White pine also recorded significant increases in states where it is common. At the opposite end of the scale were black locust and the oaks (particularly chestnut, black, white, and scarlet oak). Black locust lost ground at a rate of 0.30 percent per year across the region. And why not? Forest land in this area has undergone significant increases in average tree size and density in recent years. Black locust is sensitive to competition and intolerant of shade. Under stress, it falls easy prey to locust borers, leaf miners, heart rot, and other insects and diseases. Much of the oak decrease can be associated with gypsy moth. But oaks are also losing ground in areas where the pest is not yet a problem. Sharp declines in the relative stocking of hard pines are noteworthy. Virginia pine in Maryland, Ohio, and West Virginia; pitch pine in West Virginia and Kentucky; and shortleaf pine in Kentucky are all losing ground at significant rates (Huntley 1990). 403 loth Central Hardwood Forest Conference Figure 1. Percentage of change in stocking between inventories, by subunit. 10th Central Hardwood Forest Conference 404" @default.
• W288446961 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W288446961 creator A5003242532 @default.
• W288446961 creator A5012869961 @default.
• W288446961 creator A5022983614 @default.
• W288446961 creator A5046087697 @default.
• W288446961 creator A5084647480 @default.
• W288446961 date "1995-10-16" @default.
• W288446961 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W288446961 title "Spatial trends in relative stocking point to potential problems in forest health" @default.
• W288446961 cites W1557744332 @default.
• W288446961 cites W1973812373 @default.
• W288446961 cites W2303117555 @default.
• W288446961 cites W2305826742 @default.
• W288446961 cites W336168314 @default.
• W288446961 hasPublicationYear "1995" @default.
• W288446961 type Work @default.
• W288446961 sameAs 288446961 @default.
• W288446961 citedByCount "1" @default.
• W288446961 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W288446961 hasAuthorship W288446961A5003242532 @default.
• W288446961 hasAuthorship W288446961A5012869961 @default.
• W288446961 hasAuthorship W288446961A5022983614 @default.
• W288446961 hasAuthorship W288446961A5046087697 @default.
• W288446961 hasAuthorship W288446961A5084647480 @default.
• W288446961 hasConcept C153279818 @default.
• W288446961 hasConcept C205649164 @default.
• W288446961 hasConcept C2524010 @default.
• W288446961 hasConcept C28719098 @default.
• W288446961 hasConcept C2991880734 @default.
• W288446961 hasConcept C33923547 @default.
• W288446961 hasConcept C39432304 @default.
• W288446961 hasConcept C97137747 @default.
• W288446961 hasConceptScore W288446961C153279818 @default.
• W288446961 hasConceptScore W288446961C205649164 @default.
• W288446961 hasConceptScore W288446961C2524010 @default.
• W288446961 hasConceptScore W288446961C28719098 @default.
• W288446961 hasConceptScore W288446961C2991880734 @default.
• W288446961 hasConceptScore W288446961C33923547 @default.
• W288446961 hasConceptScore W288446961C39432304 @default.
• W288446961 hasConceptScore W288446961C97137747 @default.
• W288446961 hasLocation W2884469611 @default.
• W288446961 hasOpenAccess W288446961 @default.
• W288446961 hasPrimaryLocation W2884469611 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W1605538898 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W171565585 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W1969325469 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W2063497387 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W2076143840 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W2111596116 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W2120020953 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W2317308729 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W2323450519 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W2398446398 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W2614801612 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W2755954636 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W2897754149 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W2913621810 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W2967549540 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W3017560443 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W3187729643 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W319416467 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W2184165810 @default.
• W288446961 hasRelatedWork W2909660110 @default.
• W288446961 hasVolume "197" @default.
• W288446961 isParatext "false" @default.
• W288446961 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W288446961 magId "288446961" @default.
• W288446961 workType "article" @default.