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- W2885071751 abstract "Abstract There is clear evidence that the mother's stress, anxiety, or depression during pregnancy can alter the development of her fetus and her child, with an increased risk for later psychopathology. We are starting to understand some of the underlying mechanisms including the role of the placenta, gene–environment interactions, epigenetics, and specific systems including the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and cytokines. In this review we also consider how these effects may be different, and potentially exacerbated, in different parts of the world. There can be many reasons for elevated prenatal stress, as in communities at war. There may be raised pregnancy-specific anxiety with high levels of maternal and infant death. There can be raised interpersonal violence (in Afghanistan 90.2% of women thought that “wife beating” was justified compared with 2.0% in Argentina). There may be interactions with nutritional deficiencies or with extremes of temperature. Prenatal stress alters the microbiome, and this can differ in different countries. Genetic differences in different ethnic groups may make some more vulnerable or more resilient to the effects of prenatal stress on child neurodevelopment. Most research on these questions has been in predominantly Caucasian samples from high-income countries. It is now time to understand more about prenatal stress and psychopathology, and the role of both social and biological differences, in the rest of the world." @default.
- W2885071751 created "2018-08-22" @default.
- W2885071751 creator A5003110311 @default.
- W2885071751 creator A5004614263 @default.
- W2885071751 creator A5011115329 @default.
- W2885071751 creator A5053748249 @default.
- W2885071751 date "2018-08-01" @default.
- W2885071751 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
- W2885071751 title "Prenatal maternal stress, fetal programming, and mechanisms underlying later psychopathology—A global perspective" @default.
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