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• W2885685911 abstract "AbstractSouth Africa is an arid country, where water supplyis often obtained from a distant source. There isincreasing pressure on the limited water resourcesdue to economic and population growth, with aconcomitant increase in the energy requirement forwater production. This problem will be exacerbatedby the onset of climate change. Recently, there havebeen concerns about negative impacts arising fromthe exploitation of energy resources. In particular,the burning of fossil fuels is significantly contributingto climate change through the emission of carbondioxide, a major greenhouse gas. In addition, fossilfuels are being depleted, and contributing todecreased energy security. As a result of this, theinternational community has initiated various inter-ventions, including the transformation of policy andregulatory instruments, to promote sustainableenergy. With this in mind, South Africa is makingpolicy and regulatory shifts in line with internation-al developments. Renewable energy is being pro-moted as one way of achieving sustainable energyprovision in the country. However, some issuesrequire scrutiny in order to understand the waterfootprint of renewable energy production. Due tothe large gap that exists between water supply anddemand, trade-offs in water allocation amongst dif-ferent users are critical. In this vein, the main objec-tive of this study was to investigate and reviewrenewable energy choices and water requirementsin South Africa. Data were acquired through a com-bination of a desktop study and expert interviews.Water withdrawal and consumption levels at a givenstage of energy production were investigated. Mostof the data was collected from secondary sources.Results show that there is limited data on all aspectsof water usage in the production chain of energy,accounting in part for the significant variations inthe values of water intensity that are reported in theliterature. It is vital to take into account all aspects ofthe energy life cycle to enable isolation of stageswhere significant amounts of water are used. It isfound that conventional fuels (nuclear and fossilfuels) withdraw significant quantities of water overthe life-cycle of energy production, especially forthermoelectric power plants operated with a wet-cooling system. The quality of water is also adverse-ly affected in some stages of energy production fromthese fuels. On the other hand, solar photovoltaicand wind energy exhibit the lowest demand forwater, and could perhaps be considered the mostviable renewable options in terms of water with-drawal and consumption.Keywords: climate change, water-energy nexus,renewable energy, water requirements, South Africa" @default.
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• W2885685911 date "2013-10-01" @default.
• W2885685911 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2885685911 title "Renewable energy choices and their water requirements in South Africa" @default.
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