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• W288725027 abstract "The importance of plant diversity for ecosystem functioning has been one of the central research topics in ecology during the past 15 years. While much research has focused on the role of species diversity for plant biomass and plant productivity in grasslands, much less is known how tree species diversity and tree identity influence ecosystem processes. The amount of water consumed by forest stands through transpiration is an important ecosystem function which determines the water loss through deep seepage and groundwater yields. Until recently, the dependence of canopy transpiration on tree species diversity or functional diversity and tree species identity has not systematically been investigated.Starting in 2005, stem xylem sap flux measurements using the constant-heating method after Granier were conducted synchronously in the Hainich National Park in six temperate broad-leaved forest stands differing in tree diversity (1 to > 5 tree species). Hydraulic architecture characterization such as radial sap flux density patterns and the extent of the hydro-active xylem was investigated to reduce the bias during up-scaling procedures and to characterize different functional groups and their influence in water consumption performance. Therefore, xylem flux sensors were installed in various depths of the xylem. Additional dye injection into the transpiration stream and wood coring gave a picture of the extent of the sapwood. The response of leaf conductance, stem xylem sap flux, leaf water potentials and hydraulic conductance of the tree species to changing vapor pressure deficits and soil water contents were used to classify the tree species in order of their drought stress response.In all investigated species except the diffuse-porous beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and ring-porous ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), sap flux density peaked at a depth of 1 to 4 cm beneath the cambium, revealing a hump-shaped curve with species-specific slopes. Beech and ash reached maximum sap flux densities immediately beneath the cambium in the youngest annual growth rings. Experiments with dyes showed that the hydro-active sapwood occupied 70 to 90% of the stem cross-sectional area in mature trees of diffuse-porous species, whereas it occupied only about 21% in ring-porous ash. Dendrochronological analyses indicated that vessels in the older sapwood may remain functional for 100 years or more in diffuse-porous species, and for up to 27 years in ring-porous ash.In summer 2005 with average rainfall, canopy transpiration was by 50% higher in DL3 than in DL1 and DL2 stands (158 vs. 97 and 101 mm). In contrast, in the relative dry summer 2006, all stands had similar canopy transpiration rates (128 to 139 mm). Water consumption per crown projection area differed up to 5-fold among the 5 species, which was probably due to contrasting sapwood/crown area ratios. However, species differences in canopy transpiration were similarly large on a sapwood area basis, mostly reflecting species differences in hydraulic architecture and leaf conductance regulation. Single-factor and multiple regression analyses were used to identify key factors controlling canopy transpiration of individual species and of the stands differing in diversity. The five co-occurring tree species of the mixed stands differed considerably. The four diffuse-porous species exhibited higher leaf area-related transpiration rates (EL) than ring-porous Fraxinus excelsior. Vapor pressure deficit (vpd) was the most influential variable explaining 75-87% of the variation in EL on the stand level, while the influence of soil moisture (Θ) was small (mostly < 5 %) or absent. Stands with low or high tree species diversity were not different with respect to its environmental control of canopy transpiration. On the species level, F. excelsior differed from the other species in being less vpd controlled, while Θ had a larger influence on EL. Species diversity (Shannon diversity index H ) had a negligible effect on canopy transpiration at the species and stand levels with the exception of F. excelsior. The sizes of sapwood area and leaf area as morphological attributes, and the hydraulic conductance in the root-to-leaf pathway and leaf conductance as physiological traits were identified to be main factors determining different water consumption rates of the tree species.The five analyzed species can be arranged with regard to their drought sensitivity at the leaf or canopy level in the sequence Fraxinus excelsior < Carpinus betulus < Tilia cordata < Acer pseudoplatanus < Fagus sylvatica, if the following tree responses are used as criteria of a low sensitivity: (i) maintenance of predawn leaf water potentials (Ψpd) at a high level during drought periods, (ii) high leaf conductances in periods with not too dry soils, and (iii) reduction of sap flux only moderately upon soil drought. With an increase in the frequency and intensity of summer heat waves, as predicted for parts of Central Europe, species like ash and hornbeam will have an advantage over beech, which dominates many forests today. Species with high water consumption (e.g. Tilia) may exhaust soil water reserves early in summer, thereby increasing drought stress in dry years, and possibly reducing ecosystem stability in mixed forests. Canopy transpiration may increase or decrease with increased tree species diversity, but a universal trend is unlikely to exist, because complementarity in root water uptake in mixed stands is not generally observed. Tree species identity and the related specific functional traits are more important for forest water consumption than is tree diversity as such." @default.
• W288725027 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W288725027 date "2010-01-05" @default.
• W288725027 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W288725027 title "Water turnover in species-rich and species-poor deciduous forests: xylem sap flow and canopy transpiration" @default.
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