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- W2888108463 abstract "Abstract We explain how an unexpected algebraic structure, the division algebras, can be seen to underlie a generation of quarks and leptons. From this new vantage point, electrons and quarks are simply excitations from the neutrino, which formally plays the role of a vacuum state. Using the ladder operators which exist within the system, we build a number operator in the usual way. It turns out that this number operator, divided by 3, mirrors the behaviour of electric charge. As a result, we see that electric charge is quantized because number operators can only take on integer values. Finally, we show that a simple hermitian form, built from these ladder operators, results uniquely in the nine generators of SU c ( 3 ) and U em ( 1 ) . This gives a direct route to the two unbroken gauge symmetries of the standard model." @default.
- W2888108463 created "2018-08-31" @default.
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- W2888108463 date "2016-09-15" @default.
- W2888108463 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W2888108463 title "Charge Quantization from a Number Operator" @default.
- W2888108463 doi "https://doi.org/10.22323/1.224.0190" @default.
- W2888108463 hasPublicationYear "2016" @default.
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