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- W2888794345 endingPage "690" @default.
- W2888794345 startingPage "680" @default.
- W2888794345 abstract "During water-land transition, ancient fishes acquired the ability to breathe air, but air-breathing engendered problems in nitrogenous waste excretion. Nitrogen is a fundamental component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and the degradation of these nitrogen-containing compounds releases ammonia. Ammonia is toxic and must be removed. Fishes in water excrete ammonia as the major nitrogenous waste through gills, but gills of air-breathing fishes are modified for air-breathing or largely replaced by air-breathing organs. Notably, fishes emerged from water can no longer excrete ammonia effectively because of a lack of water to flush the gills. Hence, ancient fishes that participated in water-land transition must have developed means to deal with ammonia toxicity. Extant air-breathing fishes, particularly amphibious ones, can serve as models to examine adaptations which might have facilitated the emergence of ancient fishes from water. Some of these fishes can actively emerge from water and display complex behaviors on land, while a few can burrow into mud and survive for years during drought. Many of them are equipped with mechanisms to ameliorate ammonia toxicity during emersion. In this review, the mechanisms adopted by air-breathing fishes to deal with ammonia toxicity during emersion were organized into seven disparate strategies. In addition, eight extant air-breathing fishes with distinctive terrestrial behaviors and peculiar natural habitats were selected to describe in detail how these seven strategies could be adopted in disparate combinations to ameliorate ammonia toxicity during emersion." @default.
- W2888794345 created "2018-09-07" @default.
- W2888794345 creator A5014084926 @default.
- W2888794345 creator A5027068044 @default.
- W2888794345 date "2018-10-01" @default.
- W2888794345 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W2888794345 title "Air-breathing and excretory nitrogen metabolism in fishes" @default.
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