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- W2889777675 abstract "Abstract Introduction: The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the mouth with the stomach. The main function of the esophagus is the transport of fluids and food to ensure regular nutrition of the body. At the proximal and distal end of the tube, special boundaries are necessary to fulfill complex functional tasks such as swallowing, belching, and vomiting and allowing breathing and coughing, while preventing substantial reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. Structures and Function in Health and Disease: This chapter focuses on the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The complex functions of the two sphincters are regulated and influenced by nerval innervations, pressure systems, hormonal and chemical influences, and external and possible psychological factors. The functional assessment is usually performed by radiographic studies and manometric techniques. There are many disorders that can cause cervical or oropharyngeal dysphagia. This includes myogenic, neurogenic, iatrogenic, mechanical, and psychogenic causes, as well as idiopathic dysfunctions of the UES. The LES structure is incorporated in the distal esophagus. The major function is the proximal closure of the gastric reservoir to prevent reflux of substantial amounts of gastric contents back into the esophagus. This is important because gastric juice can be toxic for the esophageal mucosa. The major functional finding at the distal esophagus is a high-pressure zone. The most frequent failure of the LES is a weakening causing increased gastroesophageal reflux." @default.
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- W2889777675 date "2019-01-01" @default.
- W2889777675 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W2889777675 title "Esophageal Sphincters in Health and Disease" @default.
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- W2889777675 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-40232-3.00001-7" @default.
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