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• W2890494833 abstract "Bacteria occur in a polymicrobial biofilm in stressful niches, which offers many competitive advantages (e.g., nutrient and gene exchange) and protection from stressors. In contrast to oral biofilms, the occurrence and features of healthy gastrointestinal mucosal biofilms, if any, are poorly understood. This pertains to the difficulty in sampling the gastrointestinal tract of healthy persons and the distinctive biogeography and physiology of animal models. Adhesion, microcolony, and biofilm formation are different points on a continuum describing increasing complexity of colonizing bacterial communities. However, all that adheres is not biofilm. The establishment of mature polymicrobial pathogenic biofilms might be an early-warning signal of the shift from a healthy towards a diseased microbiota. Driver species and key metabolites offer potential novel biomarkers. Bacterial communities are known to impact human health and disease. Mixed species biofilms, mostly pathogenic in nature, have been observed in dental and gastric infections as well as in intestinal diseases, chronic gut wounds and colon cancer. Apart from the appendix, the presence of thick polymicrobial biofilms in the healthy gut mucosa is still debated. Polymicrobial biofilms containing potential pathogens appear to be an early-warning signal of developing disease and can be regarded as a tipping point between a healthy and a diseased state of the gut mucosa. Key biofilm-forming pathogens and associated molecules hold promise as biomarkers. Criteria to distinguish microcolonies from biofilms are crucial to provide clarity when reporting biofilm-related phenomena in health and disease in the gut. Bacterial communities are known to impact human health and disease. Mixed species biofilms, mostly pathogenic in nature, have been observed in dental and gastric infections as well as in intestinal diseases, chronic gut wounds and colon cancer. Apart from the appendix, the presence of thick polymicrobial biofilms in the healthy gut mucosa is still debated. Polymicrobial biofilms containing potential pathogens appear to be an early-warning signal of developing disease and can be regarded as a tipping point between a healthy and a diseased state of the gut mucosa. Key biofilm-forming pathogens and associated molecules hold promise as biomarkers. Criteria to distinguish microcolonies from biofilms are crucial to provide clarity when reporting biofilm-related phenomena in health and disease in the gut. the event in which a bacterium attaches itself to its environment by interacting with receptors on the surface of the host using its surface molecules and appendages like pili (Box 1). matrix-enclosed mixed populations of bacteria and/or archaea that adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces. Aggregates of bacteria embed themselves in a complex self-produced matrix of secreted polysaccharides. Once mature, bacterial cells can disperse to colonize new niches (Box 1). Biofilms are extremely resistant to environmental stresses and are an example of the collective behavior of bacteria (e.g., cross-feeding, gene transfer, pathogenicity, or antibiotic resistance). bacteria losing the ability to perform certain essential functions by relying heavily on other species in close proximity, in the sense that they even lose their own genetic capacity to perform these functions [5Morris J.J. et al.The Black Queen Hypothesis: evolution of dependencies through adaptive gene loss.mBio. 2012; 3 (e00036-00012)Crossref PubMed Scopus (630) Google Scholar]. cancer in the colon or rectum. CRC is the third most prevalent cancer worldwide and its incidence in young adults is increasing. damage to the intestinal mucosa that leads to a disruption of the intestinal epithelium, thus compromising its protective power to selectively interact with commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Gut wounds are often related to biofilm formation and the onset of more severe inflammatory diseases such as IBD [45Bertesteanu S. et al.Polymicrobial wound infections: pathophysiology and current therapeutic approaches.Int. J. Pharm. 2014; 463: 119-126Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar, 47Alam A. et al.The microenvironment of injured murine gut elicits a local pro-restitutive microbiota.Nat. Microbiol. 2016; 1 (15021)Crossref Scopus (136) Google Scholar]. a specific immune response preventing an antigen from invading host tissue. Immune exclusion is involved in the prevention of bacterial translocation across the mucosal barrier, both by the presence of a lubricating mucus layer and the secretory immune system [18Everett M.L. et al.Immune exclusion and immune inclusion: A new model of host–bacterial interactions in the gut.Clin. Appl. Immunol. Rev. 2004; 4: 321-332Crossref Scopus (57) Google Scholar]. inflammation of the gut in which the intestinal epithelium is compromised. Two main types are distinguished: Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. small aggregates of adhering bacteria that protect themselves with a simple matrix from suboptimal environmental conditions (Box 1). miniature and simplified 3D version of an organ in vitro. Organoids are generated out of a few cells and offer a unique way to study biological processes as they enable us to investigate how cells interact within an organ and with the environment. combinatory term describing the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract, in concreto from mouth to rectum. intermediate unstable region between two alternative stable states of a system, where even the smallest fluctuations may lead to an abrupt shift to the alternative state [50Scheffer M. et al.Early-warning signals for critical transitions.Nature. 2009; 461: 53-59Crossref PubMed Scopus (2584) Google Scholar, 51Lahti L. et al.Tipping elements in the human intestinal ecosystem.Nat. Commun. 2014; 5: 4344Crossref PubMed Scopus (162) Google Scholar]." @default.
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• W2890494833 date "2019-01-01" @default.
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• W2890494833 title "Bowel Biofilms: Tipping Points between a Healthy and Compromised Gut?" @default.
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• W2890494833 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2018.08.009" @default.
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