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- W2890715929 abstract "Activator impurities and their distribution in the host lattice play a key role in scintillation phenomena. Here a combination of cross-sectional noncontact atomic force microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density-functional theory were used to study the distribution of ${mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$ dopants in a NaI scintillator activated by 3% ${mathrm{EuI}}_{2}$. A variety of Eu-based structures were identified in crystals subjected to different postgrowth treatments. Transparent crystals with good scintillation properties contained mainly small precipitates with a cubic crystal structure and a size below 4 nm. Upon annealing, Eu segregated toward the surface, resulting in the formation of an ordered hexagonal overlayer with a ${mathrm{EuI}}_{2}$ composition and a pronounced, unidirectional moir'e pattern. Crystals with poor optical transparency showed a significant degree of mosaicity and the presence of precipitates. All investigated crystals contained a very low concentration of Eu dopants present as isolated point defects; most of the europium was incorporated in larger structures." @default.
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- W2890715929 date "2019-07-24" @default.
- W2890715929 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
- W2890715929 title "Defect chemistry of Eu dopants in NaI scintillators studied by atomically resolved force microscopy" @default.
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- W2890715929 doi "https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevmaterials.3.075004" @default.
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