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• W2890844365 abstract "Before discussing the evidence on causes, it is necessary to clarify severalkey issues (see Academy of Medical Sciences 2007). First, even with themost straightforward situation, it is very rare to find examples of aone-to-one all-encompassing causal effect. Rothman and Greenland (1998)illustrated the point with the example of turning on a light by flicking aswitch. A person need do nothing else except flick the switch to cause thelight to go on – surely that must constitute a simple, straightforward,direct causal effect? It does not, however, because the light will not go onunless the bulb is functional, the electric circuit is intact, the requiredvoltage is available and so forth. Even with the simplest situations, it isusual for there to be a ‘web of causations’ as MacMahon et al. (1960) putit. With multifactorial traits or disorders (such as represented by antisocialbehaviour) the situation is further complicated by five other considerations. First, the very term ‘multifactorial’ makes it clear that there willnever be a single necessary and sufficient cause, because multiple causalinfluences are operative, each of which plays a part in contributing to thecausal process. Second, it is common for there to be several differentcausal pathways, each leading to the same end-point (Rutter 1997). Third,each causal starting point is also the end of a prior causal process. TheAcademy of Medical Sciences (2007) report used the example of smokingand lung cancer. Heavy smoking is likely to involve a genetic susceptibility, the availability of cigarettes and the operation of social pressures.Moreover, the fact that the smoking habit persists will also be influencedby the heavily addictive effects of nicotine. All of this means that thecausal background to smoking must be taken into account in assessing theeffects of smoking on the risk for lung cancer. Nevertheless, none of thismeans that a specific causal effect of smoking on lung cancer cannot beidentified. It is obvious that similar considerations, with respect topossible sequential causal pathways, apply to antisocial behaviour.Rothman and Greenland (2002) specified that a cause is an antecedentevent, condition or characteristic that was necessary (given that otherconditions were fixed) for the occurrence of the outcome being studied atthe moment it occurred. Without that causal influence, the outcome wouldnot have developed or would have done so at some later time. That is thecentral point of what is meant by a ‘cause’. The implication, of course, isthat changing a causal factor will actually reduce the populations’ burdeneither by reducing the overall number of cases or by making the outcomesoccur later than they would have done otherwise (Robins and Greenland1989). It is that consideration that makes the identification of causes soimportant in terms of implications for prevention or intervention." @default.
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• W2890844365 date "2012-09-10" @default.
• W2890844365 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2890844365 title "Causes of offending and antisocial behaviour" @default.
• W2890844365 doi "https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203810354-13" @default.
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