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- W2891143513 abstract "SN 2015bn is a nearby hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova (SLSN-I) that has been intensively observed in X-rays with the goal to detect the spin-down powered emission from a magnetar engine. The early-time UV/optical/infrared (UVOIR) data fit well to the magnetar model, but require leakage of energy at late times of $lesssim 10^{43}$ erg s$^{-1}$, which is expected to be partially emitted in X-rays. Deep X-ray limits until $sim$300 days after explosion revealed no X-ray emission. Here, we present the latest deep 0.3--10 keV X-ray limit at 805 days obtained with textit{XMM-Newton}. We find $L_X < 10^{41}$ erg s$^{-1}$, with no direct evidence for central-engine powered emission. While the late-time optical data still follow the prediction of the magnetar model, the best-fit model to the bolometric light curve predicts that $sim$97% of the total input luminosity of the magnetar is escaping outside of the UVOIR bandpass at the time of observation. Our X-ray upper limit is $<$1.5% of the input luminosity, strongly constraining the high-energy leakage, unless non-radiative losses are important. These deep X-ray observations identify a missing energy problem in SLSNe-I and we suggest future observations in hard X-rays and $gamma$-rays for better constraints. Also, independent of the optical data, we constrain the parameter spaces of various X-ray emission scenarios, including ionization breakout by magnetar spin-down, shock interaction between the ejecta and external circumstellar medium, off-axis $gamma$-ray burst afterglow, and black hole fallback accretion." @default.
- W2891143513 created "2018-09-27" @default.
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- W2891143513 date "2018-11-26" @default.
- W2891143513 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W2891143513 title "Where is the Engine Hiding Its Missing Energy? Constraints from a Deep X-Ray Non-detection of the Superluminous SN 2015bn" @default.
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- W2891143513 doi "https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaee83" @default.
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